major depressive disorder. Nature. 2015 Jul 15; 523(7562): 588-91.

438

Peterson RE, Cai N, Bigdeli TB, Li Y, Reimers M, Nikulova A, et al. The genetic architecture of major depressive disorder in Han Chinese women. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Feb 1; 74(2): 162-8.

439

Salfati E, Morrison AC, Boerwinkle E, Chakravarti A. Direct estimates of the genomic contributions to blood pressure heritability within a population-based cohort (ARIC). PLOS ONE. 2015 Jul 10; 10(7): e0133031.

440

Weedon MN, Lango H, Lindgren CM, Wallace C, Evans DM, Mangino M, et al. Genome-wide association analysis identifies 20 loci that influence adult height. Nat Genet. 2008 May; 40(5): 575-83.

441

Wood AR, Esko T, Yang J, Vedantam S, Pers TH, Gustafsson S, et al. Defining the role of common variation in the genomic and biological architecture of adult human height. Nat Genet. 2014 Nov; 46(11): 1173-86.

442

Wiener N. Cybernetics: control and communication in the animal and the machine. New York: Wiley; 1948.

443

Beck AT, Alford BA. Depression: causes and treatment. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press; 2009.

444

Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Warmerdam L. Behavioral activation treatments of depression: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2007; 27(3): 318-26.

445

Mazzucchelli T, Kane R, Rees C. Behavioral activation treatments for depression in adults: a meta-analysis and review. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2009 Dec 1; 16(4): 383-411.

446

Post RM. Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology. Am J Psychiatry. 1992; 149: 999-1010.

447

Monroe SM, Harkness KL. Life stress, the “kindling” hypothesis, and the recurrence of depression.

448

Post RM, Weiss SR. Sensitization and kindling phenomena in mood, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorders: the role of serotonergic mechanisms in illness progression. Biol Psychiatry. 1998 Aug 1; 44(3): 193-206.

449

Nettle D. An evolutionary model of low mood states. J Theor Biol. 2009; 257(1): 100-3.

450

Trimmer PC, Higginson AD, Fawcett TW, McNamara JM, Houston AI. Adaptive learning can result in a failure to profit from good conditions: implications for understanding depression. Evol Med Public Health. 2015 May 29; 2015(1): 123-35.

451

Goodwin FK, Jamison KR. Manic-depressive illness. New York: Oxford University Press; 1990.

452

Ferrell JE. Self-perpetuating states in signal transduction: positive feedback, double-negative feedback and bistability. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2002 Apr 1; 14(2): 140-8.

453

Monod J, Jacob F. General conclusions: teleonomic mechanisms in cellular metabolism, growth, and differentiation. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1961; 26: 389-401.

454

Low BS. Why sex matters: a Darwinian look at human behavior. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press; 2015.

455

Goldbeter A. A model for the dynamics of bipolar disorders. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2011 Mar 1; 105(1): 119-27.

456

James W. The principles of psychology. New York: H. Holt and Company; 1890.

457

Akiskal HS, Bourgeois ML, Angst J, Post R, Möller H-J, Hirschfeld R. Re-evaluating the prevalence of and diagnostic composition within the broad clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders. J Affect Disord. 2000 Sep;59(Suppl 1): S5-30.

458

Angst J, Azorin J-M, Bowden CL, Perugi G, Vieta E, Gamma A, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of undiagnosed bipolar disorders in patients with a major depressive episode: the BRIDGE Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Aug 1; 68(8): 791-9.

459

Grande I, Berk M, Birmaher B, Vieta E. Bipolar disorder. The Lancet. 2016; 387(10027): 1561-72.

460

Kieseppä T, Partonen T, Haukka J, Kaprio J, Lönnqvist J. High concordance of bipolar I disorder in a nationwide sample of twins. Am J Psychiatry. 2004 Oct 1; 161(10): 1814-21.

461

Rao AR, Yourshaw M, Christensen B, Nelson SF, Kerner B. Rare deleterious mutations are associated with disease in bipolar disorder families. Mol Psychiatry. 2017 Jul; 22(7): 1009-14.

462

Kendler KS. The dappled nature of causes of psychiatric illness: replacing the organic-functional/hardware-software dichotomy with empirically based pluralism. Mol Psychiatry. 2012 Apr; 17(4): 377-88.

463

Abramson LY, Metalsky GI, Alloy LB. Hopelessness depression: a theory-based subtype of depression. Psychol Rev. 1989; 96(2): 358-72.

464

Cross JG, Guyer MJ. Social traps. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press; 1980.

465

Kennedy SH, Rizvi S. Sexual dysfunction, depression, and the impact of antidepressants. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009 Apr; 29(2): 157-64.

466

Montejo AL, LLorca G, Izquierdo JA, Rico-Villademoros F. Incidence of sexual dysfunction associated with antidepressant agents: a prospective multicenter study of 1022 outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001; 62(Suppl 3): 10-21.

467

Hjemdal O, Hagen R, Solem S, Nordahl H, Kennair LEO, Ryum T, et al. Metacognitive therapy in major depression: an open trial of comorbid cases. Cogn Behav Pract. 2017 Aug 1; 24(3): 312-8.

468

Gilbert P. Evolution and depression: issues and implications. Psychol Med. 2006; 36(3): 287-97.

469

Gilbert P. Introducing compassion-focused therapy. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2009; 15(3): 199-208.

470

Gilbert P. The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. Br J Clin Psychol. 2014; 53(1): 6-41.

471

Hammen C. Stress and depression. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2005; 1(1): 293-319.

472

Baumeister D, Akhtar R,