Ultra Goes to War (1978); Amnon Sella, ‘Surprise Attack and Communication’, Journal of Contemporary History (1978).

61 Boyd, The Conceptual Spiral, p. 32.

62 Ibid., p. 22.

63 Ibid., p. 23.

64 Ibid., p. 24.

65 Ibid., p. 28.

66 Ibid., p. 38.

67 Ibid., p. 125.

68 See Steven Best and Douglas Kellner, Postmodern Theory, New York: The Guilford Press, 1991, Chapter 1, for a good archeology of postmodernism.

69 Steven Best and Douglas Kellner, The Postmodern Turn, New York: The Guilford Press, 1997, pp. 195–6. Interestingly, they find the historical foundation for postmodern ideas in Kierkegaard, Marx, and in particular Nietsche. Boyd read Marx, but also Nietsche’s works Beyond Good and Evil, Thus Spoke Zarathustra and Twilight of the Idols. See also Damian Popolo, ‘French Philosophy, Complexity, and Scientific Epistemology: Moving Beyond the Modern Episteme’, Emergence, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2003, pp. 77–98, for the link between Foucault, Deleuze, Popper, Bergson and Prigogine.

70 Christopher Coker, ‘Post-modernity and the end of the Cold War: has war been dis-invented?’, Review of International Studies, 1992, Vol. 18, p. 189. See also Bradford Booth, Meyer Kestnbaum, and David R. Segal, ‘Are Post-Cold War Militaries Postmodern?’, Armed Forces & Society, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Spring 2001), pp. 319, where they assert that ‘the theoretical perspective of postmodernism has become commonplace in sociology’. See for an introduction into modernity and postmodernity also Kenneth Thompson, ‘Social Pluralism and Post-Modernity’, and Gregor McLennan, ‘The Enlightenment Project Revisited’, both in Stuart Hall, David Held and Tony McGrew, Modernity and its Futures, Oxford: Polity Press, 1992.

71 Pauline Rosenau, Post-Modernism and the Social Sciences, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992, p. 15. The first chapter provides a concise overview of both various interpretations and meanings of postmodernism as its intellectual lineage and history.

72 Darryl Jarvis, ‘Postmodernism: A Critical Typology’, Politics and Society, Vol. 26, No. 1 (March 1998), p. 98.

73 Alvin and Heidi Toffler, War and Anti War, Survival at the Dawn of the Information Age, London: Little Brown, 1993. See for a landmark text also Daniel Bell, The Coming of the Post-Industrial Society, New York: Basic Books, 1973. See for instance Charles Jencks, Post-Modernism, the New Classicism in Art and Architecture, London: Academy Editions, 1987 for a discussion of cultural aspects of postmodernism.

74 Jarvis, op. cit., p. 126.

75 Ibid., pp. 108, 114–15.

76 See for instance Jean-Paul Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984 [1979]; K.R. Dark, The Waves of Time, London: Pinter, 1998; and Paul Cilliers, Complexity and Postmodernism, London: Routledge, 1998, for similar observations.

77 Watson, op. cit., p. 668.

78 Lyotard, op. cit., p. xxiii. See also Gregor McLennan, ‘The Enlightenment Project Revisited’, in Hall, Held and McGrew, op. cit., pp. 328–30. Writers Boyd was familiar with, such as Geertz, Bronowski, Rifkin and Capra, shared these views.

79 McLennan, op. cit., pp. 332–3.

80 David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity, cited in Kenneth Thompson, ‘Social Pluralism and Post-Modernity’, in Hall, Held and McGrew, op. cit., p. 261.

81 McLennan, op. cit., p. 333.

82 Cilliers, op. cit., p. 118.

83 For an introduction to Giddens, see McLennan, op. cit., pp. 342–7. McLennan positions Giddens as a happy compromise between Enlightenment and (the more extreme and nihilistic versions of) postmodernism.

84 Stefano Guzzini, ‘A Reconstruction of Conservativism in International Relations’, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 6(2) (2000), p. 152.

85 Andreas Bieler and Adam David Morton, ‘The Gordion Knot of Agency-Structure in International Relations: a neo-Gramscian Perspective’, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 7(1) (March 2001), p. 22.

86 Ibid., p. 27.

87 Giddens employs the terms reflexive modernization, radical-modernity, high-modernity and post-traditional society.

88 Anthony Giddens, ‘Living in a Post-Traditional Society’, in Ulrich Beck, Anthony Giddens, Scott Lash, Reflexive Modernization, Stanford: Sage, 1994, p. 87.

89 Ibid., pp. 86–8.

90 Ibid., p. 184.

91 Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990, p. 38.

92 Ibid., pp. 53–4.

93 See Anthony Giddens, The Constitution of Society, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1984, p. 284.

94 Guzzini, op. cit., p. 162.

95 See Kurt A. Richardson, Graham Mathieson and Paul Cilliers, ‘The Theory and Practice of Complexity Science: Epistemological Considerations for Military Operational Analysis’, SysteMexico, 1 (2000), pp. 19–20, and Cilliers, op. cit., p. 22, and Chapters 3 and 7.

96 Boyd, Strategic Game of ? and ?, p. 58.

97 Richardson, Mathieson and Cilliers, op. cit., p. 22.

98 Jarvis, op. cit., p. 105.

99 This is based on Steve Smith, ‘The Increasing Insecurity of Security Studies: Conceptualizing Security in the Last Twenty Years’, in Stuart Croft and Terry Terriff (eds), Critical Reflections on Security and Change, London: Frank Cass, 2000; John Mearsheimer, ‘Back to the Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War’, International Security, Vol. 15, No. 1 (1990); and David Mutimer, ‘Beyond Strategy: Critical Thinking and the New Security Studies’, in Craig Snyder, Contemporary Security and Strategy, London: Macmillan, 1999.

100 Theo Farrell, ‘Constructivist Security Studies: Portrait of a Research Program’, International Studies Review, 4/1 (2002), p. 49. See also Alexander Wendt, ‘Constructing International Politics’, International Security, 20, No. 1 (1995); and Alexander Wendt, ‘Anarchy is what states make of it: The social construction of power politics’, International Organization, 46/2, 1992, pp. 391–425. For a elaborate argument about the constructed nature, and the role of language and discourse, of US deterrence policy, see also Bradley Klein, Strategic Studies and World Order: The Global Politics of Deterrence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. See also Ted Hopf, ‘The Promise of Constructivism in International Relations Theory’, International Security, Vol. 23, No. 1 (Summer 1998), pp. 172–3.

101 Keith Krause and Michael Williams (eds), Critical Security Studies, Concepts and Cases, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1997, p. 49.

102 After Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 372. For a critical account see Dale C. Copeland, ‘The Constructivist Challenge to Structural Realism’, International Security, Vol. 25, No.