49. Zahle to Serge Botkin, letter of November 26, 1926, in Hamburg, XIII, 2271–2272.

50. Zahle questionnaire, October 31, 1938, in Hamburg, XVIII, 7–16.

51. Rathlef-Keilmann, statement of March 15, 1926, in Hamburg, XVI, 133–137.

52. Rathlef-Keilmann to Serge Botkin, letter of August 4, 1926, quoted in Auclères, 72–73; Rathlef-Keilmann, 104.

53. See Rathlef-Keilmann, 236; affidavit of Dr. Serge Rudnev, April 9, 1929, in Hamburg, XXIV, 4480; affidavit of Dr. Serge Rudnev, July 18, 1938, in Hamburg, Bln I, 134–138; Gilliard and Savitch, 71–76; Cohen, New York Times, March 28, 1926. Cohen’s article quoted Rudnev directly in stating – falsely – that he had personally treated Anastasia in 1914; apparently, either he or Rathlef-Keilmann had let this «fact» be known in Berlin circles; when Zahle related this to Gilliard, the latter confronted both the surgeon and Rathlef-Keilmann on the claim, and each protested that they had never said such a thing, blaming the other for the error. See Gilliard and Savitch, 75–78.

54. Gilliard to Kokovtsov, letter dated July 18, 1926, in Hamburg, II, 281–307.

55. Gilliard and Savitch, 190.

56. Rathlef-Keilmann to Gilliard, letter of January 16, 1926, in Gilliard and Savitch, 192.

57. Kurth, 408, n. 55. Gilliard burned these papers – his entire dossier on AA’s case – after the 1957 verdict against her by a Berlin court, on the presumption that it had come to an end and he would have no need of them in the future. He explained this when he took the witness stand during her civil trial. See Gilliard, testimony of March 29, 1958, in Hamburg, II, 239–247.

58. Private information to the authors.

59. See Auclères, 199–200.

60. Gilliard to Count Schulenberg, letter of December 8, 1925, in Gilliard and Savitch, 191.

61. Alexandra Gilliard to Lillian Zahle, letter of December 14, 1925, cited in Kurth, 124.

62. Gilliard to Zahle, letter of January 11, 1926, in Gilliard and Savitch, 83.

63. Quoted in Kurth, 124.

64. Kurth, 124.

65. Zahle, letter of October 27, 1925, cited in Phenix, 153.

66. Alexandra Gilliard to Rathlef-Keilmann, letter of January 1926, quoted in Welch, 124.

67. Statement of Pierre and Alexandra Gilliard, January 21, 1927, in Hamburg, Bln III, 175–176.

68. Zahle to Serge Botkin, letter of November 26, 1926, in Hamburg, XIII, 2271–2272.

69. Summers and Mangold, 216.

70. Vorres, 177.

71. See notes and postcards of Olga Alexandrovna to AA, autumn 1925, in «Application to the Amstgericht Court, Berlin, in the Matter of the Estate of Anastasia Nikolaievna Romanov, Case No. 461.VE.733/38,» pleading submitted by Paul Leverkuehn and Kurt Vermehren on behalf of AA, October 31, 1938, and lodged in Hamburg under Bln, 33–34.

72. Olga Alexandrovna to Mordvinov, letter of December 4, 1925, in Hamburg, XIII, 2091–2092.

73. Gilliard to Kokovtsov, letter dated July 18, 1926, in Hamburg, II, 281–307.

74. Zahle, report to the Danish Foreign Ministry, December 12, 1928, in Hamburg, Summary of Evidence in Frau Anna Anderson in Unterlengenhardt v. Barbara, Herzogin Christian Ludwig zu Mecklenburg, Ludwig, Prinz von Hesse und bei Rhein, May 18, 1967, 56.

75. Quoted in Kurth, 124.

76. Olga Alexandrovna to Mordvinov, letter of December 4, 1925, in Hamburg, XIII, 2091–2092.

77. Olga Alexandrovna to Princess Irene of Hesse, Princess Heinrich of Prussia, letter of December 22, 1925, in Hamburg, Bln III, 181–182.

78. Olga Alexandrovna to Tatiana Botkin, letter of August 30, 1926, in Hamburg, XXXIV/6370.

79. Olga Alexandrovna to Mordvinov, letter of January 1, 1927, in Hamburg, XXIII, 4368.

80. Ibid.

81. Phenix, 217.

82. Olga Alexandrovna, testimony of March 23, 1959, at the West German consulate in Toronto, in Hamburg, VII, 1298–1312.

83. See Botkin, Real Romanovs, 266; Botkin, Woman Who Rose Again, 99.

84. Olga Alexandrovna, testimony of March 23, 1959, at the West German consulate in Toronto, in Hamburg, VII, 1298–1312.

85. Ibid.

86. See Kurth, 309.

87. Vorres, 174.

88. Vorres, 174; Olga Alexandrovna to Mordvinov, letter of December 4, 1925, in Hamburg, XIII, 2091–2092.

89. Vorres, 176.

90. Tikhon Kulikovsky to Kurth, letter of September 2, 1971, in Peter Kurth Collection.

10. «Если семья русского императора хочет, чтобы один из ее членов умер в канаве…»

1. Baron Osten-Sacken, letter of February 1926, quoted in Kurth, 129.

2. Olga Alexandrovna to Gilliard, letter of January 16, 1926, quoted in Gilliard to Kokovtsov, letter of July 18, 1926, in Hamburg, II, 281–307.

3. Olga Alexandrovna to Mordvinov, letter of January 1, 1927, in Hamburg, XXIII, 4368.

4. Gilliard to Kokovtsov, letter dated July 18, 1926, in Hamburg, II, 281–307.

5. See Kurth, 118.

6. Zahle questionnaire, in Hamburg, XVIII, 7–16. King Christian X abruptly terminated Zahle’s investigation into the case, and when he retired, the former diplomat handed over all of his notes and files to the Danish Royal Archives. Those interested in Anderson’s case have long suspected that the dossiers Zahle turned over to King Christian X held important evidence in her favor. Repeated requests to Queen Margrethe II for access have always been refused, on the grounds that the papers are in the private family archives and thus not subject to ordinary disclosure. (See, for example, Spectator, London, July 18, 1992.) Private inquiries, however, now suggest that they remain restricted because the Danish minister was rather too adamant in expressing his own personal opinions of the royal personages involved and discussing private behavior unrelated to the claim that would prove embarrassing to the Romanovs and to their crowned relations.

7. Prince Friedrich Saxe-Altenburg to Brien Horan, December 1973, quoted in Horan, 47.

8. Ernst Ludwig to Victoria, marchioness of Milford Haven, letter dated February 2, 1927, in Staatsarchiv Darmstadt.

9. Serge Botkin to Andrei Vladimirovich, letter of April 1927, quoted in Kurth, 164.

10. Andrei Vladimirovich to P. S. von Kugelgen, letter of July 8, 1928, quoted in Rathlef-Keilmann, 12.

11. Zahle to Serge Botkin, letter of February 5, 1927, quoted in Krug von Nidda, 204–205.

12. Andrei Vladimirovich to Serge Botkin, letter of November 30, 1926, in Hamburg, VIII, 1595–1597.

13. Gilliard and Savitch, 101.