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Bell, Silvia M., and Mary D. Salter Ainsworth. “Infant Crying and Maternal Responsiveness.” Child Development 43 (1972): 1171–1190.

Bennett, Peggy. “The Perils and Profits of Praise.” Music Educators Journal, September 1988: 23–24.

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Blinder, Alan S. Introduction to Paying for Productivity: A Look at the Evidence, edited by Alan S. Blinder. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1990.

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Boggiano, Ann K., and Marty Barrett. “Maladaptive Achievement Patterns: The Role of Motivational Orientation.” Unpublished paper, 1991.

Boggiano, Ann K., Marty Barrett, Anne W. Weiher, Gary H. McClelland, and Cynthia M. Lusk. “Use of the Maximal-Operant Principle to Motivate Children’s Intrinsic Interest.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53 (1987): 866–879.

Boggiano, Ann K., Judith M. Harackiewicz, Janella M. Bessette, and Deborah S. Main. “Increasing Children’s Interest Through Performance-Contingent Reward.” Social Cognition 3 (1985): 400–411.

Boggiano, Ann K., Cheryl A. Klinger, and Deborah S. Main. “Enhancing Interest in Peer Interaction: A Developmental Analysis.” Child Development 57 (1986): 852–861.

Boggiano, Ann K., and Deborah S. Main. “Enhancing Children’s Interest in Activities Used as Rewards: The Bonus Effect.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (1986): 1116–1126.

Boggiano, Ann K., Deborah S. Main, Cheryl Flink, Marty Barrett, Louise Silvern, and Phyllis Katz. “A Model of Achievement in Children: The Role of Controlling Strategies in Helplessness and Affect.” In Advances in Test Anxiety Research, vol. 6, edited by Ralf Schwarzer, Henk M. Van Der Ploeg, and Charles D. Spielberger. Amsterdam: Swets and Zeitlinger, 1989.

Boggiano, Ann K., Deborah S. Main, and Phyllis A. Katz. “Children’s Preference for Challenge: The Role of Perceived Competence and Control.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54 (1988): 134–141.

Boggiano, Ann K., Deborah S. Main, and Phyllis A. Katz. “Mastery Motivation in Boys and Girls: The Role of Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation.” Sex Roles 25 (1991): 511–520.

Boggiano, Ann K., and Diane N. Ruble. “Competence and the Overjustification Effect: A Developmental Study.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37 (1979): 1462–1468.

Boggiano, Aim K., Diane N. Ruble, and Thane S. Pittman. “The Mastery Hypothesis and the Overjustification Effect.” Social Cognition 1 (1982): 38–49.

Boggiano, Ann K., Ann Shields, Marty Barrett, Teddy Kellam, Erik Thompson, Jeffrey Simons, and Phyllis Katz. “Helplessness Deficits in Students: The Role of Motivational Orientation.” Motivation and Emotion 16 (1992): 271–296.

Bond, Michael H., Kwok Leung, and Kwok Choi Wan. “How Does Cultural Collectivism Operate? The Impact of Task and Maintenance Contributions on Reward Distribution.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 13 (1982): 186–200.

Bosquet, Michel. “The Prison Factory.” Reprinted from Le Nouvel Observateur in Working Papers for a New Society, Spring 1973: 20–27.

“Bosses’ Pay.” The Economist, 1 February 1992: 19–22.

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Bowles, Samuel, and Herbert Gintis. Schooling in Capitalist America: Educational Reform and the Contradictions of Economic Life. New York: Basic Books, 1976.

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Breger, Louis, and James L. McGaugh. “Critique and Reformulation of ‘Learning Theory’ Approaches to Psychotherapy and Neurosis.” Psychological Bulletin 63 (1965): 338–358.

Brennan, E. James. “Compensation: The Myth and the Reality of Pay for Performance.” Personnel Journal, March 1985: 73–75.

Brennan, Thomas P., and John A. Glover. “An Examination of the Effect of Extrinsic Reinforcers on Intrinsically Motivated Behavior: Experimental and Theoretical.” Social Behavior and Personality 8 (1980): 27–32.

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Brophy, Jere. “Teacher Praise: A Functional Analysis.” Review of Educational Research 51 (1981): 5–32.

Brophy, Jere. “Conceptualizing Student Motivation.” Educational Psychologist 18 (1983): 200–215.

Brophy, Jere, and Neelam Kher. “Teacher Socialization as a Mechanism for Developing Student Motivation to Learn.” In The Social Psychology of Education: Current Research and Theory, edited by Robert S. Feldman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Brown, Lyn Mikel, and Carol Gilligan. Meeting at the Crossroads: Women’s Psychology and Girls’ Development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992.

Bruner, Jerome S. “The Act of Discovery.” Harvard Educational Review 31 (1961): 21–32.

Burland, Roger. “Behaviourism in the Closed Community: The Token Economy and Performance Contracting.” In Behaviourism and Learning Theory in Education, edited by David Fontana. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1984.

Burleson, Joseph A., S. Stephen Kegeles, and Adrian K. Lund. “Effects of Decisional Control and Work Orientation on Persistence in Preventive Health Behavior.” Health Psychology 9 (1990): 1–17.

Butler, Owen B. “Why We’re at Risk.” Speech given at the second Fortune Education Summit, Washington, D.C., October 1989. Published in pamphlet form by the Edwin Gould Foundation for Children, n.d.

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