142. H. T. Burden The Nuremberg Party Rallies: 1923–39 (London, 1967), pp. 138–43.

143. Baird, To Die for Germany, pp. 58–6.

144. Baird, To Die for Germany, pp. 62–5.

145. S. I. Luck Observation in Russia (London, 1938), pp. 30–39.

146. Luck, Observation in Russia, p. 33.

147. R. Sartorti ‘Stalinism and Carnival: Organisation and Aesthetics of Political Holidays’, in Günther, Culture of the Stalin Period, pp. 49–50.

148. Sartorti, ‘Stalinism and Carnival’, pp. 58, 71.

149. Brecht, Poems, p. 299.

150. V. Garros, N. Korenevskaya and T. Lahusen (eds) Intimacy and Terror: Soviet Diaries of the 1930s (New York, 1995), pp. 181–2, diary of Galina Shtange, 25 December 1936.

151. Garros et aL, Intimacy and Terror, pp. 183, 191, Shtange diary, 25 December, 1936, 8 May 1937.

152. M. Agursky ‘An Occult Source of Socialist Realism: Gorky and Theories of Thought Transference’, in B. G. Rosenthal (ed.) The

Occult in Russian and Soviet Culture (Ithaca, NY, 1997), p. 250.

153. Agursky, ‘Occult Source of Socialist Realism’, pp. 249, 252–8.

154. Meyer, ‘Musical Façade’, p. 182.

155. Golomstock, Totalitarian Art, p. 179.

1. F. Thyssen I Paid Hitler (London, 1941), p. 187.

2. H. A. Wessel Thyssen & Co> Mülheim a.d.Ruhr: die Geschichte einer Familie und ihrer Unternehmnung (Stuttgart, 1991), pp. 47–8, 162–3, 171.

3. Wessel, Thyssen & Co, pp. 48. 171; Thyssen, I Paid Hitler, pp. 30–41, 49–50; A. Barkai Nazi Economics: Ideology} Theory, and Policy (Oxford, 1990), pp. 120–21.

4. V. Kravchenko, 1 Chose Freedom: the Personal and Political Life of a Soviet Offi cial (London, 1947), pp. 174–5.

5. Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, pp. 203–4.

6. Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, pp. 2–4, 216–22, 226–30, 347–51.

7. K. McKenzie Comintern and World Revolution (New York, 1964), p. 144.

8. F. Pollock ‘Staatskapitalismus’, in H. Dubied and A. Sollner (eds) Wirtschaft, Recht und Staat im Nationalsozialismus: Analysen des Instituts für Sozialforschung (Frankfurt am Main, 1981), pp. 81–106; ‘dysfunctional capitalism’ in A. Sohn-Rethel Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism (London, 1978), pp. 128–31.

9. Bundesarchiv-Berlin, R7/2149 Ohlendorf papers ‘Grundsätze der Volkswirtschafts-politik’ [September 1935], p. 9.

10. See for example P. R. Gregory (ed.) Behind the Façade of Stalin’s Command Economy (Stanford, 2001).

11. In general see T. Balderston Economics and Politics in the Weimar Republic (Cambridge, 2002); H. James The German Slump: Politics and Economics, 1924–1936 (Oxford, 1986); H.-J. Braun The German Economy in the Twentieth Century (London, 1990); R. J. Overy ‘The German Economy, 1919–1945’, in P. Panayi (ed.) Weimar and Nazi Germany: Continuities and Discontinuities (London, 2001), pp. 33–73.

12. See in general R. W. Davies (ed.) From Tsarism to the New Economic Policy (Ithaca, NY, 1991); R. Munting The Economic Development of the USSR (London, 1982); P. Gatrell The Tsarist Economy, 1850–1917 (London, 1986).

13. A. M. Ball Russia’s Last Capitalists: the Nepmen, 1921–1929 (Berkeley, Calif., 1987), pp. 162–5; on small-scale trade A. Baykov The Development of the Soviet Economic System (Cambridge, 1947), p. 107. Out of 165,781 enterprises in the production census in 1923, 147,471 (88.5 per cent) were in private hands. In 1922–3, some 75 per cent of the retail trade was also in private hands (p. 55).

14. Munting, Economic Development, p. 97.

15. R. W. Davies, M. Harrison and S. G. Wheatcroft (eds) The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 36–7, 292. There is no agreed fi gure on the annual rate of industrial growth. The Soviet offi cial fi gure was 16.8 per cent a year.

16. Davies, Harrison and Wheatcroft, Economic Transformation, p. 296; Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich, 1933 (Berlin, 1934).

17. On Russia see Davies, Harrison and Wheatcroft, Economic Transformation, p. 269. Soviet GNP was 123.7 bn rbls. in 1928, 212.3 bn in 1937 (1937 prices); German GNP from A. Ritschl and M. Spoerer ‘Die Bruttosozialprodukt in Deutschland nach den amtlichen Volkseinkommens-und Sozialproduktstatistiken 1901–1995’, Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte,

37 (1997), pp. 51–2. Growth between 1928 and 1938 was 39 per cent in real terms, from 90.8 bn RM in 192.8 to 12.6.2 bn in 1938.

18. J. Stalin Works (13 vols, Moscow, 1952–55), vol. xii, p. 252, political report of the CC to the XVI Congress of the CPSU, 27 June 1930.

19. R. Zitelmann Hitler: the Politics of Seduction (London, 1999), p. 224; H. Rauschning Hitler Speaks (London, 1939), p. 235.

20. Zitelmann, Hitler, p. 215; Stalin, Works, vol. xi, p. 314; Rauschning, Hitler Speaks, p. 34.

21. J. Stalin Problems of Leninism (Moscow, 1947), p. 300, ‘A Year of Great Change’ Pravda, 7 November 1929.

22. Stalin, Works, vol. xii, pp. 314–20, political report to the XVI Congress; J. Stalin Economic Problems of Socialism in the U.S.S.R. (Peking, 1972), p. 5.

23. Stalin, Works, vol. xii, pp. 311–15.

24. Zitelmann, Hitler, pp. 206, 207.

25. Barkai, Nazi Economics, p. 37.

26. NSDAP Parteitag der Arbeit von 6 bis 13 September 1937 (Munich, 1938), p. 38.

27. O. Wagener Das Wirtschaftsplan der NSDAP (Munich, 1932), p. 5.

28. A. Hitler The Secret Book ed. T. Taylor (New York, 1961), pp. 5–6, 13.

29. Hitler, Secret Book, pp. 14, 24.

30. Hitler, Secret Book, pp. 21–3.

31. K.-H. Minuth (ed.) Akten der Reichskanzlei: Regierung Hitler 1933–1938 (Boppard am Rhein, 1983), vol. i, p. 62, committee for work-creation, 9 February 1933.

32. F. Nonnenbruch Die Wirtschaft in derNS Politik (Berlin, 1935), p. 16.

33. Zitelmann, Hitler, p. 226–7, 232; on planning BA-B, R7/2149, Ohlendorf memorandum, ‘Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftspolitik’,

p. 9; see too A.-I. Berndt (ed.) Gebt mir vier Johre Zeit: Dokumente zum ersten Vier jahresplan des Führers (Munich, 1937), pp. 233–5, Hitler speech 30 January 1937.

34. BA-B R7/2149, Ohlendorf papers, ‘Unsere Wirtschaftsauffassung. Das Program der NSDAP’, p. 9.

35. H. Trevor-Roper (ed.) Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–1944 (Oxford, 1984), p. 65.

36. See for example D. L. Hoffmann The Great Terror on the Local Level: Purges in Moscow Factories, 1936–1938’, in J. A. Getty and R. Manning (eds) Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 163–8.