as a Regulatory Mechanism: How You Do It Matters,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 106 (2014): 304–324.

154

Историческую справку и метаанализ см. в статье Allison M. Tackman et al. “Depression, Negative Emotionality, and Self-Referential Language: A Multi-lab, Multi-measure, and Multi-language-task Research Synthesis,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 116 (2019): 817–834; и To’Meisha Edwards and Nicholas S. Holtzman. “A Meta-Analysis of Correlations Between Depression and First-Person Singular Pronoun Use,” Journal of Research in Personality 68 (2017): 63–68.

155

Результаты двух исследований, о которых я упоминаю в книге, были опубликованы после нашей работы о разговорах с самим собой. Из источников, указанных в предыдущей концевой сноске, следует, что исследования, проведенные много десятилетий назад, подтвердили связь между использованием местоимения первого лица единственного числа и негативными последствиями. Я даю ссылки на более новые исследования, поскольку они содержат убедительные доказательства. Tackman et al. “Depression, Negative Emotionality, and Self-Referential Language: A Multi-lab, Multi-measure, and Multi-language-task Research Synthesis”; и Johannes C. Eichstaedt et al. “Facebook Language Predicts Depression in Medical Records,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115 (2018): 11203–11208.

156

Подробнее см. в статье Ethan Kross and Özlem Ayduk “Self-Distancing: Theory, Research, and Current Directions”; и Ariana Orvell et al. “Linguistic Shifts: A Relatively Effortless Route to Emotion Regulation?”, Current Directions in Psychological Science 28 (2019): 567–573.

157

Возникает вопрос, можно ли использовать местоимение «они» с тем же успехом. Хотя мы не проводили подобных экспериментов, предполагаем, что это слово также позволит дистанцироваться и управлять эмоциями.

158

Kross et al. “Self-Talk as a Regulatory Mechanism”; Sanda Dolcos and Dolores Albarracin. “The Inner Speech of Behavioral Regulation: Intentions and Task Performance Strengthen When You Talk to Yourself as a You,” European Journal of Social Psychology 44 (2014): 636–642; и Grossmann and Kross. “Exploring Solomon’s Paradox.” Более подробно о других сферах, где дистанцирование приносит пользу, см. в статьях: Celina Furman, Ethan Kross and Ashley Gearhardt. “Distanced Self-Talk Enhances Goal Pursuit to Eat Healthier,” Clinical Psychological Science 8 (2020): 366–373; Ariana Orvell et al. “Does Distanced Self-Talk Facilitate Emotion Regulation Across a Range of Emotionally Intense Experiences?” Clinical Psychological Science (in press); и Jordan B. Leitner et al. “Self-Distancing Improves Interpersonal Perceptions and Behavior by Decreasing Medial Prefrontal Cortex Activity During the Provision of Criticism,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 12 (2017): 534–543. 74 2014 Ebola crisis: Ethan Kross et al. “Third-Person Self-Talk Reduces Ebola Worry and Risk Perception by Enhancing Rational Thinking,” Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being 9 (2017): 387–409.

159

Aaron C. Weidman et al. “Punish or Protect: How Close Relationships Shape Responses to Moral Violations,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46 (2019).

160

Orvell et al. “Linguistic Shifts”; и Roman Jakobson, Shifters, Verbal Categories, and the Russian Verb (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, Russian Language Project, Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, 1957). Более подробно см. в работе Orvell et al. “Linguistic Shifts.”

161

Более подробно см. в работе Orvell et al. “Linguistic Shifts.”

162

Jason S. Moser et al. “Third-Person Self-Talk Facilitates Emotion Regulation Without Engaging Cognitive Control: Converging Evidence from ERP and fMRI,” Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 1–9.

163

Jason S. Moser et al. “Third-Person Self-Talk Facilitates Emotion Regulation Without Engaging Cognitive Control: Converging Evidence from ERP and fMRI,” Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 1–9.

164

Orvell et al. “Linguistic Shifts”.

165

Robert Ito. “Fred Rogers’s Life in 5 Artifacts,” New York Times, June 5, 2018.

166

Jim Blascovich and Joe Tomaka. “The Biopsychosocial Model of Arousal Regulation,” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 28 (1996): 1–51; и Richard S. Lazarus and Susan Folkman, Stress, Appraisal, and Coping (New York: Springer, 1984).

167

Подробнее см. в статье Jeremy P. Jamieson, Wendy Berry Mendes and Matthew K. Nock “Improving Acute Stress Responses: The Power of Reappraisal,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 22 (2013): 51–56. Также см.: Adam L. Alter et al. “Rising to the Threat: Reducing Stereotype Threat by Reframing the Threat as a Challenge,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 46 (2010): 155–171; и Alison Wood Brooks. “Get Excited: Reappraising Pre-performance Anxiety as Excitement,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 143 (2014): 1144–1158.

168

Kross et al. “Self-Talk as a Regulatory Mechanism”.

169

Jim Blascovich and Joe Tomaka. “The Biopsychosocial Model of Arousal Regulation”; Mark D. Seery. “Challenge or Threat? Cardiovascular Indexes of Resilience and Vulnerability to Potential Stress in Humans,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 35 (2011): 1603–1610.

170

Lindsey Streamer et al. “Not I, but She: The Beneficial Effects of Self-Distancing on Challenge/ Threat Cardiovascular Responses,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 70 (2017): 235–241.

171

Rachel E. White et al. “The ‘Batman Effect’: Improving Perseverance in Young Children,” Child Development 88 (2017): 1563–1571. Стефани и ее коллеги изучали эффект Бэтмена в различных направлениях. В одном из исследований они доказали, что этот инструмент способствует исполнительному функционированию у пятилетних детей: Rachel E. White and Stephanie M. Carlson. “What Would Batman Do? Self-Distancing Improves Executive Function in Young Children,” Developmental Science 19 (2016): 419–426. В ходе другого эксперимента они продемонстрировали, что тот же прием одинаково эффективен для маленьких и ранимых детей с низким уровнем самоконтроля, когда они выполняют задачу, не имеющую решения, что выбивает их из колеи: Amanda Grenell et al. “Individual Differences in the Effectiveness of Self-Distancing for Young Children’s Emotion Regulation,” British Journal of Developmental Psychology 37 (2019): 84–100.

172

Julie B. Kaplow et al. “Out of the Mouths of Babes: Links Between Linguistic Structure of Loss Narratives and Psychosocial Functioning in Parentally Bereaved Children,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 31 (2018): 342–351.

173

Robert L. Leahy. “Emotional Schema Therapy: A Bridge over Troubled Waters,” in Acceptance and Mindfulness in Cognitive Behavior Therapy: Understanding and Applying New Therapies, ed. J. D. Herbert and E. M. Forman (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &