World Blog, 3 May 2013; https://www.ft.com/content/8254152d-c957–3d45–8ec8-ee696c5b6b13?mhq5j=e1 (дата обращения – 10 июля 2017).

214

Bridget Welsh. “Malaysia’s Elections: A Step Backward”, Journal of Democracy 24, no. 4 (2013): 136–50.

215

Bridget Welsh. “Buying Support: Najib’s ‘Commercialisation’ of GE13”, Malaysiakini, 23 April 2013.

216

Welsh (2013), “Malaysia’s Elections: A Step Backward”, 136–50.

217

Welsh (2013), “Malaysia’s Elections: A Step Backward”, 136–50.

218

Nichter (2008). “Vote Buying or Turnout Buying?”.

219

Valeria Brusco, Marcelo Nazareno and Susan Carol Stokes. “Vote Buying in Argentina”, Latin American Research Review 39, no. 2 (2004): 66–88; Miguel R. Rueda. “Buying Votes with Imperfect Local Knowledge and a Secret Ballot”, Journal of Theoretical Politics 27, no. 3 (2015): 428–56.; Samuel Kwadwo Boaten Asante and W. W. Asombang. “An Independent Namibia? The Future Facing SWAPO”, Third World Quarterly 11, no. 3 (1989): 1–19.

220

Samuel Kwadwo Boaten Asante and W. W. Asombang (1989). “An Independent Namibia? The Future Facing SWAPO”, 1–19.

221

John Hatchard and Peter Slinn. “Namibia: The Constitutional Path to Freedom”, Commonwealth Law Bulletin 17, no. 2 (1991): 644–65.

222

Henning Melber. Reexamining Liberation in Namibia: Political Culture Since Independence (Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute, 2003).

223

Gretchen Bauer. “Namibia in the First Decade of Independence: How Democratic?”, Journal of Southern African Studies 27, no. 1 (2001): 33–55.

224

Авторы выражают благодарность Иэну Куперу за то, что обратил на это внимание.

225

Joshua Bernard Forrest. “A Promising Start: The Inauguration and Consolidation of Democracy in Namibia”, World Policy Journal 9, no. 4 (1992): 739–53.

226

Kate Baldwin. “Why Vote with the Chief? Political Connections and Public Goods Provision in Zambia”, American Journal of Political Science 57, no. 4 (2013): 794–809.

227

Edward Goldring and Michael Wahman. “Democracy in Reverse: The 2016 General Election in Zambia”, Africa Spectrum 51, no. 3 (2015): 107–21.

228

Dan Paget. “Zambia: Dominance Won and Lost” // Renske Doorenspleet and Laurens Nijzink (eds). Party Systems and Democracy in Africa (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2014): 148–67.

229

Karen E. Ferree and James D. Long. “Gifts, Threats, and Perceptions of Ballot Secrecy in African Elections”, African Affairs 115, no. 461 (2016): 621–45.

230

Michael Bratton and Eldred Masunungure. “Popular Reactions to State Repression: Operation Murambatsvina in Zimbabwe”, African Affairs 106, no. 422 (2006): 21–45.

231

Tavishi Bhasin and Jennifer Gandhi. “Timing and Targeting of State Repression in Authoritarian Elections”, Electoral Studies 32, no. 4 (2013): 620–31.

232

Norma Kriger. “ZANU (PF) Strategies in General Elections, 1980–2000: Discourse and Coercion”, African Affairs 104, no. 414 (2005): 1–34, 16.

233

Roger Southall. “How and Why ZANU – PF Won the 2013 Zimbabwe Elections”, Strategic Review for Southern Africa 35, no. 2 (2013): 135–51.

234

Неправительственная международная организация. Исследует уровень коррупции по всему миру и борется с ней. – Прим. ред.

235

“Parties Warned Against Vote-Buying Ahead of Poll”, ABC News, 18 April 2013; http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013–04–18/anwatchdog-warns-malaysian-parties-against-vote-buying/4638204 (дата обращения – 19 декабря 2017).

236

Schaffer (2002), “Might Cleaning Up Elections Keep People Away from the Polls?”.

237

Malott (2013), “Malaysia Elections”.

238

Charlotte Alter. “Voter Turnout in Midterm Elections Hits 72-year Low”, Time, 10 November 2014; http://time.com/3576090/midterm-elections-turnout-world-war-two/ (дата обращения – 15 декабря 2017).

239

James Dray. “Voter Turnout in sub-Saharan Africa”, неопубликованная докторская диссертация (University of Oxford).

240

Robert M. Stein and Greg Vonnahme. “Engaging the Unengaged Voter: Vote Centers and Voter Turnout”, Journal of Politics 70, no. 2 (2008): 487–97.

241

Dray (2010). “Voter Turnout in sub-Saharan Africa”.

242

Cheeseman (2015). Democracy in Africa, 182–9.

243

Allen Hicken, Stephen Leider, Nico Ravanilla and Dean Yang. “Combating Vote-selling: A Field Experiment in the Philippines”, CESifo Area Conference on Behavioral Economics, October 2013; https://www.povertyactionlab.org/evaluation/combating-vote-selling-philippines (дата обращения – 17 декабря 2017).

244

Примеры см.: Paul Collier, P. C. Vicente and J. C. Aker. “Is Information Power? A Study of Voter Education Using Cell Phones in Mozambique (IGC Policy Brief)”, DFID Briefing (2011); “Facilitating Parliament, Voter Education and Electoral Observation”, USAID News Update, 18 October 2016.

245

Pedro C. Vicente and Leonard Wantchekon. “Clientelism and Vote Buying: Lessons from Field Experiments in African Elections”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy 25, no. 2 (2009): 292–305.

246

Во многих случаях повышение грамотности избирателей частичное и не достигает широких слоев населения. Кроме того, его обычно организуют с запозданием. Вдобавок существует риск, что избиратели, прошедшие такую программу, станут более циничными, а в некоторых случаях – и менее демократически настроенными. См.: Michael Bratton and Daniel Posner. “A First Look at Second Elections in Africa, with Illustrations from Zambia” // Richard Joseph (ed.). State, Conflict, and Democracy in Africa (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1998): 377–407. Более позитивный взгляд на пользу повышения грамотности избирателей см.: Pedro C. Vicente and Leonard Wantchekon. “Clientelism and Vote Buying: Lessons from Field Experiments in African Elections”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy 25, no. 2 (2009): 292–305.

247

Homer Lawrence Morris. Parliamentary Franchise Reform in England from 1885 to 1918 (New York: Longmans, Green & Company, 1921): 200.

248

Charles Seymour and Donald Paige Frary. How the