А аудитория Facebook, и без того немаленькая. . ‘Number of monthly active Twitter users worldwide from 1st quarter 2010 to 3rd quarter 2018 (in millions)’, Statista, 2019; ‘Number of monthly active Facebook users worldwide as of 3rd quarter 2018 (in millions)’, Statista, 2019.

Больше, но все равно очень мало. . Peter Beaumont, ‘The truth about Twitter, Facebook and the uprisings in the Arab world’, Guardian, 25 February 2011.

Печально известный эксперимент c «эмоциональным заражением». . Adam D. I. Kramer, Jamie E. Guillory and Jeffrey T. Hancock, ‘Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks’, PNAS, 111 (24), 2014, pp. 8788–8790.

На площади Тахрир союз исламистов. . Atef Shahat Said, ‘The Tahrir Effect: History, Space, and Protest in the Egyptian Revolution of 2011’, University of Michigan, 2014.

Сокращение расходов на организацию. . Thomas Rid, Cyber War Will Not Take Place, Oxford University Press: New York, 2013, p. 28.

И, как показал анализ Паоло Гербаудо. . Paolo Gerbaudo, The Digital Party, Pluto Press: London, 2019, pp. 25–6.

Другой вербовщик отвечал на Ask.fm на вопросы. . Laurie Segall, ‘ISIS recruiting tactics: Apple pie and video games’, CNN, 30 September 2014; Wendy Andhika Prajuli, ‘On social media, ISIS uses fantastical propaganda to recruit members’, The Conversation (www.theconversation.com), 4 December 2017.

К 2014 году, когда батальоны смерти иракского правительства. . Martin Chulov, ‘Isis: the inside story’, Guardian, 11 December 2014; Michael Weiss and Hassan Hassan, ISIS: Inside the Army of Terror, Regan Arts: New York, 2016; Patrick Cockburn, The Rise of the Islamic State: ISIS and the New Sunni Revolution, Verso: London and New York, 2016, pp. 42–5.

По оценкам, к февралю 2015 года в Twitter ежедневно. . James P. Farwell, ‘The Media Strategy of ISIS’, Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, 56:6, 2014, pp. 49–5; Ben Makuch, ‘ISIS’s Favorite Hashtag Is a Weapon of War’, Motherboard (www.motherboard.vice.com), 27 June 2014; Emerson T. Brooking and P. W. Singer, ‘War Goes Viral’, The Atlantic, November 2016; Emerson T. Brooking and P. W. Singer, LikeWar: The Weaponization of Social Media, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt: Boston, MA, 2018.

Большинство роликов, скорее всего, снял. . Majid Alfifi, Parisa Kaghazgaran, James Caverlee and Fred Morstatter, ‘Measuring the Impact of ISIS Social Media Strategy’, MIS2: Misinformation and Misbehavior Mining on the Web (workshop), Los Angeles, CA, 2018; Matt Broomfield, ‘Twitter Shuts Down 125,000 Isis-Linked Accounts’, Independent, 6 February 2016; Lisa Blaker, ‘The Islamic State’s Use of Online Social Media’, Military Cyber Affairs: The Journal of the Military Cyber Professionals Association, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2015; Jason Burke, ‘“Gangsta jihadi” Denis Cuspert killed fighting in Syria’, Guardian, 19 January 2018.

Как бы то ни было, ИГИЛ прославилось. . Laura Ryan, ‘Al-Qaida and ISIS Use Twitter Differently. Here’s How and Why’, National Journal (wwwnationaljournal.com), 9 October 2014; Kyle J. Greene, ‘ISIS: Trends in Terrorist Media and Propaganda’, International Studies Capstone Research Papers, 3, 2015.

За первые полгода американских бомбардировок. . ISIS drawing steady stream of recruits, despite bombings’, Associated Press, 11 February 2015; Aya Batrawy, Paisley Dodds and Lori Hinnant, ‘Leaked Isis documents reveal recruits have poor grasp of Islamic faith’, Independent, 16 August 2016.

Согласно проведенным опросам, 7 % британцев. . Madeline Grant, ‘16 % of French Citizens Support Isis, Poll Finds’, Newsweek, 26 August 2014.

Twitter не строил камеры пыток. . ‘Iraq torture “worse after Saddam”’, BBC News, 21 September 2006; Terrence McCoy, ‘Camp Bucca: The US prison that became the birthplace of Isis’, Independent, 4 November 2014; Neal McDonald, ‘Iraqi reality-TV hit takes fear factor to another level’, Christian Science Monitor, 7 June 2005.

На самом же деле силы противника составляли всего две тысячи джихадистов. . Ned Parker, Isabel Coles and Raheem Salman, ‘Special Report: How Mosul fell – An Iraqi general disputes Baghdad’s story’, Reuters, 14 October 2014; Matt Sienkiewicz, ‘Arguing with ISIS: web 2.0, open source journalism, and narrative disruption’, Critical Studies in Media Communication, 35:1, 2018, pp. 122–35; Steve Rose, ‘The Isis propaganda war: a hi-tech media jihad’, Guardian, 7 October 2014.

На одном из этапов их даже просили размещать в сетях видео с флагом. . Greene, ‘ISIS: Trends in Terrorist Media and Propaganda’.

В 2015 году Альберто Фернандес. . Alberto M. Fernandez, ‘Here to stay and growing: Combating ISIS propaganda networks’, The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World, U.S.-Islamic World Forum Papers 2015, October 2015; Richard Forno and Arnupam Joshi, ‘How U.S. “Cyber Bombs” against Terrorists Really Work’, The Conversation, 13 May 2016.

К 2016 году они уже хвастались тем, что с помощью «кибербомб». . Brian Ross and James Gordon Meek, ‘ISIS Threat at Home: FBI Warns US Military About Social Media Vulnerabilities’, ABC News, 1 December 2014; ‘“ISIS hackers” threats against U.S. military wives actually came from Russian trolls’, Associated Press, 8 May 2018.

По данным другого исследования, проведенного Университетом Джорджа Вашингтона. . ‘Enhancing the Understanding of the Foreign Terrorist Fighters Phenomenon in Syria’, United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism, July 2017; Lizzie Dearden, ‘Isis: UN study finds foreign fighters in Syria “lack basic understanding of Islam”’, Independent, 4 August 2017; Christal Hayes, ‘Study: ISIS has lost territory but could still pose long-term threat’, USA Today, 6 February 2018.

Их тактика использования социальных сетей. . Jonathan Beller, The Message is Murder: Substrates of Computational Capital, Pluto Press: London, 2018, p. 5.

Если спектакль – это социальное взаимодействие. . Guy Debord, The Society of the Spectacle, Rebel Press: London, 1994, 2014.

В ходе своей президентской кампании Трамп управлял. . Samuel C. Woolley and Douglas Guilbeault, ‘United States: Manufacturing Consensus Online’, in Samuel C. Woolley and Philip N. Howard, eds, Computational Propaganda: Political Parties, Politicians, and Political Manipulation on Social Media, Oxford University Press: New York, 2019, p. 187.

Анализ твитов Трампа. . Cora Lacatus, ‘For Donald Trump, campaigning by Twitter limited the public’s access to his policy positions and strategies’, LSE Blogs, 21 January 2018.

Ультраправые всегда добивались победы. . Dylan Riley, The Civic Foundations of Fascism in Europe: Italy, Spain, and Romania, 1870–1945, Verso: London and New York, 2019.

Скорее, что гораздо более смертоносно. . Объяснение этой идеи вы найдете в статье