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2. G. R. Hervey, “The Effects of Lesions in the Hypothalamus in Parabiotic Rats,” Journal of Physiology 145, no. 2 (1959): 336–352; G. R. Hervey, “Control of Appetite: Personal and Departmental Recollections,” Appetite 61, no. 1 (2013): 100–110.

3. Ellen Rupell Shell, The Hungry Gene: The Inside Story of the Obesity Epidemic (New York: Grove Press, 2002); “Douglas Coleman: Obituary,” Daily Telegraph, April 17, 2014.

4. E. Straus and R. S. Yalow, “Cholecystokinin in the Brains of Obese and Nonobese Mice,” Science 203, no. 4375 (1979): 68–69.

5. B. S. Schneider et al., “Brain Cholecystokinin and Nutritional Status in Rats and Mice,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 64, no. 5 (1979): 1348–1356.

6. Y. Zhang et al., “Positional Cloning of the Mouse Obese Gene and its Human Homologue,” Nature 371, no. 6505 (1994): 425–432.

7. Jeffrey M. Friedman, “Editorial,” Life Sciences 140 (2015): 1–2.

8. Доктор Руди Лейбел, интервью автора.

9. Tom Wilkie, “Genes, Not Greed, Make You Fat,” Independent, December 1, 1994; Natalie Angier, “Researchers Link Obesity in Humans to Flaw in a Gene,” New York Times, December 1, 1994.

10. Доктор Джеффри Фридман, интервью автора.

11. L. G. Hersoug et al., “A Proposed Potential Role for Increasing Atmospheric CO2 as a Promoter of Weight Gain and Obesity,” Nutrition and Diabetes 2, no. 3 (2012): e31.

12. Anthony P. Coll et al., “The Hormonal Control of Food Intake,” Cell 129, no. 2 (2007): 251–262.

13. Dorien Reij nders et al., “Effects of Gut Microbiota Manipulation by Antibiotics on Host Metabolism in Obese Humans: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial,” Cell Metabolism 24, no. 1 (2016): 63–74.

14. Ilseung Cho and Martin J. Blaser, “The Human Microbiome: At the Interface of Health and Disease,” Nature Reviews Genetics 13, no. 4 (2012): 260–270; Torsten P. M. Scheithauer et al., “Causality of Small and Large Intestinal Microbiota in Weight Regulation and Insulin Resistance,” Molecular Metabolism 5, no. 9 (2016): 759–770.

15. Y. Wei et al., “Chronic Exposure to Air Pollution Particles Increases the Risk of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome: Findings from a Natural Experiment in Beij ing,” FASEB Journal 30, no. 6 (2016): 2115–2122.

16. G. Muscogiuri et al., “Obesogenic Endocrine Disruptors and Obesity: Myths and Truths,” Archives of Toxicology, October 3, 2017, https://doi-org.ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/10.1007/s00204-017-2071-1; K. A. Thayer, J. J. Heindel, J. R. Bucher, and M. A. Gallo, “Role of Environmental Chemicals in Diabetes and Obesity: A National Toxicology Program Workshop Review,” Environmental Health Perspectives 120 (2012): 779–789.

17. Valentina Tremaroli et al., “Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation,” Cell Metabolism 22, no. 2 (2015): 228–238.

18. Wendee Holtcamp, “Obesogens: An Environmental Link to Obesity,” Environmental Health Perspectives 120, no. 2 (2012): a62–a68; David Epstein, “Do These Chemicals Make Me Look Fat?” ProPublica, October 11, 2013; Jerrold Heindel, “Endocrine Disruptors and the Obesity Epidemic,” Toxicological Sciences 76, no. 2 (2003): 247–249.

19. Yann C. Klimentidis et al., “Canaries in the Coal Mine: A Cross-Species Analysis of the Plurality of Obesity Epidemics,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2010, doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1890.