219. Chen CQ, Fichna J, Bashashati M, Li YY, Storr M. Distribution, function and physiological role of melatonin in the lower gut. World J Gastroenterol. Sep 14 2011;17(34):3888–3898

220. Choi CH, Jo SY, Park HJ, Chang SK, Byeon JS, Myung SJ. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of saccharomyces boulardii in irritable bowel syndrome: effect on quality of life. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. Sep 2011;45(8):679–683

221. Di Sabatino A, Corazza GR. Nonceliac gluten sensitivity: sense or sensibility? Annals of internal medicine Feb 21 2012;156(4):309–311

222. Drisko J, Bischoff B, Hall M, McCallum R. Treating irritable bowel syndrome with a food elimination diet followed by food challenge and probiotics. J Am Coll Nutr. Dec 2006;25(6):514–522

223. Fichna J, Storr MA. Brain-Gut Interactions in IBS. Frontiers in pharmacology. 2012;3:127

224. Ford AC, Talley NJ, Schoenfeld PS, Quigley EM, Moayyedi P. Efficacy of antidepressants and psychological therapies in irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut 2009;58(3):367–378

225. Gallo-Torres H, Brinker A, Avigan M. Alosetron: ischemic colitis and serious complications of constipation. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 2006;101(5):1080–1083

226. Ghoshal UC, Ranjan P. Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome: the past, the present and the future. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2011;26 Suppl 3:94–101

227. Guglielmetti S, Mora D, Gschwender M, Popp K. Randomised clinical trial: Bifidobacterium bifidum MIMBb75 significantly alleviates irritable bowel syndrome and improves quality of life– a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. May 2011;33(10): 1123–1132

228. Hayee B, Forgacs I. Psychological approach to managing irritable bowel syndrome. BMJ May 26 2007;334(7603):1105–1109

229. Jarrett ME, Burr RL, Cain KC, Hertig V, Weisman P, Heitkemper MM. Anxiety and depression are related to autonomic nervous system function in women with irritable bowel syndrome. Digestive diseases and sciences Feb 2003;48(2):386–394

230. Johannesson E, Simren M, Strid H, Bajor A, Sadik R. Physical activity improves symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol. May 2011;106(5):915–922

231. Kerckhoffs AP, Akkermans LM, de Smet MB, et al. Intestinal permeability in irritable bowel syndrome patients: effects of NSAIDs. Dig Dis Sci. Mar 2010;55(3):716–723

232. Keszthelyi D, Dackus GH, Masclee GM, Kruimel JW, Masclee AA. Increased proton pump inhibitor and NSAID exposure in irritable bowel syndrome: results from a case-control study. BMC Gastroenterol. Sep 5 2012;12(1):121

233. Lee HR, Pimentel M. Bacteria and irritable bowel syndrome: the evidence for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Current Gastroenterology Reports Aug 2006;8(4):305–311

234. Liu JH, Chen GH, Yeh HZ, Huang CK, Poon SK. Enteric-coated peppermint-oil capsules in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective, randomized trial. J Gastroenterol. Dec 1997;32(6):765–768

235. Lovell RM, Ford AC. Global prevalence of and risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. Jul 2012;10(7):712–721 e714

236. Lu WZ, Gwee KA, Moochhalla S, Ho KY. Melatonin improves bowel symptoms in female patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. Nov 15 2005;22(10):927–934

237. Lundin KE, Alaedini A. Non-celiac Gluten Sensitivity. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America Oct 2012;22(4):723–734

238. Lydiard RB. Irritable bowel syndrome, anxiety, and depression: what are the links? The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2001;62 Suppl 8:38–45; discussion 46–37

239. Mach T. The brain-gut axis in irritable bowel syndrome-clinical aspects. Medical scienc monitor: international medical journal of experimental and clinical research. Jun 2004;10(6):RA125–131

240. Mayer EA, Naliboff BD, Chang L, Coutinho SV. V. Stress and irritable bowel syndrome. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology. Apr 2001;280(4):G519–524

241. Merat S, Khalili S, Mostajabi P, Ghorbani A, Ansari R, Malekzadeh R. The effect of enteric-coated, delayed-release peppermint oil on irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. May 2010;55(5):1385–1390

242. Moloney RD, Johnson AC, O’Mahony SM, Dinan TG, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Cryan JF. Stress and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Visceral Pain: Relevance to Irritable Bowel Syndrome. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics Feb 2016;22(2):102–117

243. Nobaek S, Johansson ML, Molin G, Ahrne S, Jeppsson B. Alteration of intestinal microflora is associated with reduction in abdominal bloating and pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. May 2000;95(5):1231–1238

244. O’Mahony L, McCarthy J, Kelly P, et al. Lactobacillus and bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome: symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles. Gastroenterology Mar 2005;128(3):541–551

245. Ong DK, Mitchell SB, Barrett JS, et al. Manipulation of dietary short chain carbohydrates alters the pattern of gas production and genesis of symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. Aug 2010;25(8):1366–1373

246. Orr WC, Crowell MD, Lin B, Harnish MJ, Chen JD. Sleep and gastric function in irritable bowel syndrome: derailing the brain-gut axis. Gut Sep 1997;41(3):390–393

247. Ostgaard H, Hausken T, Gundersen D, El-Salhy M. Diet and effects of diet management on quality of life and symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Mol Med Report Jun 2012;5(6):1382–1390

248. Pietzak M. Celiac disease, wheat allergy, and gluten sensitivity: when gluten free is not a fad. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition Jan 2012;36(1 Suppl):68S–75S

249. Pineton de Chambrun G, Neut C, Chau A, Cazaubiel M, Pelerin F, Justen P, Desreumaux P. A randomized clinical trial of Saccharomyces cerevisiae versus placebo in the irritable bowel syndrome. Digestive and liver disease: official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver. Feb 2015;47(2):119–124

250. Pyleris E, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Tzivras D, Koussoulas V, Barbatzas C, Pimentel M. The prevalence of overgrowth by aerobic bacteria in the small intestine by small bowel culture: relationship with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. May 2012;57(5):1321–1329

251. Quigley EM, Quera R. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: roles of antibiotics, prebiotics, and probiotics. Gastroenterology Feb 2006;130(2 Suppl 1):S78–90

252. Rajilic-Stojanovic M, Biagi E, Heilig HG, et al. Global and deep molecular analysis of microbiota signatures in fecal samples from patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology Nov 2011;141(5): 1792–1801