in Forrest M. Mims III, “How flaming tap water ignited the fracking controversy: Gasland vs. FrackNation,” The Quad, September 18, 2018, https://thebestschools.org/magazine/flaming-tap-water-fracking-controversy-gasland-fracknation.

517

Forrest M. Mims III, “How flaming tap water ignited the fracking controversy: Gasland vs. FrackNation.”

518

Bill McKibben, “Bad News for Obama: Fracking May Be Worse Than Coal,” Mother Jones, September 8, 2014, https://www.motherjones.com; Bill McKibben, “The Literal Gaslighting That Helps America Avoid Acting on the Climate Crisis,” New Yorker, October 9, 2019, https://www.newyorker.com.

519

Paulina Jaramillo, “Landfill-Gas-to-Energy Projects? Analysis of Net Private and Social Benefits,” Environmental Science and Technology 39, no. 19 (2005): 7365–7373, https://doi.org/10.1021/es050633j.

520

Anil Markandya and Paul Wilkinson, “Electricity Generation and Health,” The Lancet 370, no. 9501 (September 15, 2007): 979–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61253-7.

521

Bridget R. Scanlon, Robert C. Reedy, Ian Duncan et al., “Controls on Water Use for Thermoelectric Generation: Case Study Texas, US,” Environmental Science & Technology 47, no. 19 (2013): 11326–34, https://doi.org/10.1021/es4029183.

522

BP Energy Economics, “BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019, 68th Edition,” BP, June 2019, accessed January 16, 2020, https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf; Perry Lindstrom, “Carbon dioxide emissions from the US power sector have declined 28 % since 2005,” EIA, October 29, 2018, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=37392.

523

Sophie Dejonckheere, Mari Aftret Mørtvedt, and Eilif Ursin Reed, “Methane: A Climate Blind Spot?” Center for International Climate Research, March 25, 2019, https://www.cicero.oslo.no/en/posts/klima/methane-a-climate-blind-spot. Zeke Hausfather, “Bounding the Climate Viability of Natural Gas as a Bridge Fuel to Displace Coal,” Energy Policy 86 (November 2015): 286–94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.07.012. Adam Voiland, “Methane Matters,” National Air and Space Association, https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/MethaneMatter. Gunnar Mhyre and Drew Shindell, “Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing,” in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013, 659–740, http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf. Most of the methane molecules that leak into the atmosphere today won’t be there in ten years. By contrast, most carbon dioxide will remain in the atmosphere for centuries. As a result, even if methane were leaking at a higher rate than the U.S. EPA estimates, as some claim it is, its impact on global warming would still be relatively small compared to the benefits of reduced carbon emissions compared to coal.

524

Kevin Begos, “EPA Methane Report Further Divides Fracking Camps,” Yahoo! News, April 28, 2013, https://news.yahoo.com.

525

JenAlyse Arena, “Coal production using mountaintop removal mining decreases by 62 % since 2008,” U.S. Energy Information Association, July 7, 2015, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=21952.

526

Appalachian Voices, “Ecological Impacts of Mountaintop Removal,” accessed January 16, 2020, http://appvoices.org/end-mountaintop-removal/ecology.

527

Editorial Board, “The dirty effects of mountaintop removal mining,” «The Washington Post», October 21, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com.

528

Richard Schiffman, “A Troubling Look at the Human Toll of Mountaintop Removal Mining,” Yale Environment 360, November 21, 2017, https://e360.yale.edu/features/a-troubling-look-at-the-human-toll-of-mountaintop-removal-mining.

529

On average oil power densities are far less. Iraq’s oil fields have a power density of only 5,000 W/m2. But that is still twice as high as Australia’s coal mines. As always there is a large range, with some petroleum fields producing as little as 100 W/m2. A typical natural gas well in Alberta, Canada, has a power density of 2,300 W/m2 while the Netherlands’ gas fields have a power density of 16,000 W/m2. A Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) terminal has a power density of 4,600 W/m2 while a regasification terminal has a power density of an astonishing 60,000 W/m2. Smil, Power Density, 197.

530

Chris Mooney, “Why We’re Still So Incredibly Confused About Methane’s Role in Global Warming,” «The Washington Post», May 2, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com.

531

“Our salmon,” AquaBounty, accessed October 6, 2019, https://aquabounty.com/our-salmon.

532

“Sustainable,” AquaBounty, accessed February 2, 2020, https://aquabounty.com/sustainable.

533

“FDA Has Determined That the AquAdvantage Salmon Is as Safe to Eat as Non-GE Salmon,” U.S. Food and Drug Administration, January 19, 2016, https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/fda-has-determined-aquadvantage-salmon-safe-eat-non-ge-salmon.

534

FAO, “The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture,” FAO, 2016, accessed January 16, 2020, http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5555e.pdf.

535

UNEP-WCMC, IUCN, and NGS, Protected Planet Report 2018 (Cambridge, UK; Gland, Switzerland; and Washington, D.C.: UNEP-WCMC, IUCN, and NGS, 2018), https://livereport.protectedplanet.net/chapter-2.

536

FAO, “The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture,” FAO, 2016, accessed January 16, 2020, http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5555e.pdf.

537

Richard Waite et al., “Improving Productivity and Environmental Performance of Aquaculture,” World Resources Institute, June 2014, accessed January 16, 2020, https://www.wri.org/publication/improving-aquaculture.

538

FAO, “The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture” FAO, 2016, accessed January 16, 2020, http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5555e.pdf/; FAO, “The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture,” FAO, 2014, accessed January 16, 2020, http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3720e.pdf.

539

U.S. Soybean Export Council, “Aquaculture Is Fastest Growing Food Production Sector, According to FAO Report,” July 16, 2018, accessed January 15, 2020, https://ussec.org/aquaculture-fastest-growing-food-production-sector-fao-report.

540

Martin Heller and Center for Sustainable Systems, University of Michigan, Food Product Environmental Footprint Literature Summary: Land-Based Aquaculture, State of Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, September 2017, https://www.oregon.gov/deq/FilterDocs/PEF-Aquaculture-FullReport.pdf.

541

Fong Yang Looi et al., “Creating Disease Resistant Chickens: A Viable Solution to Avian Influenza?” Viruses 10, no. 10 (October 2018): 561, https://doi.org/10.3390/v10100561; Bruce Y. Lee, “Can Gene Editing Stop the Bird Flu? Here Is the Latest With Chickens,” Forbes, June 5, 2019, https://www.forbes.com.

542

William Robert Irvin et al., letter to Margaret A. Hamburg, M.D., Commissioner of Food and Drugs, FDA, “Re: Draft Environmental Assessment and Preliminary Finding of No Significant Impact Concerning a Genetically Engineered Atlantic