Шрифт:
Интервал:
Закладка:
757
“Relative Radioactivity Levels,” Berkeley RadWatch, 2014, accessed January 17, 2020, https://radwatch.berkeley.edu/dosenet/levels; “Safecast Tile Map,” Safecast, accessed January 17, 2020, http://safecast.org/tilemap/?y=37.449&x=141.002&z=10&l=0&m=0.
758
Masaharu Tsubokura, Shuhei Nomura, Kikugoro Sakaihara et al., “Estimated Association Between Dwelling Soil Contamination and Internal Radiation Contamination Levels After the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident in Japan,” BMJ Open 6, no. 6 (June 29, 2016), https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/6/6/e010970.full.pdf.
759
Michel Berthélemy and Lina Escobar Rangel, “Nuclear Reactors’ Construction Costs: The Role of Lead-Time, Standardization and Technological Progress,” Energy Policy 82 (July 2015): 118–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.03.015.
760
Jessica R. Lovering, Arthur Yip, and Ted Nordhaus, “Historical Construction Costs of Global Nuclear Power Reactors,” Energy Policy 91 (April 2016): 371–81, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.01.011. When the reactors in this study are grouped by reactor type, the average overnight capital costs are lowest for pressurized and boiling-water reactors and greater for heavy-water reactors and gas-cooled reactors. Sodium fast reactors are the most expensive. These cost trends correspond with both total deployment for each reactor type (more deployment with lower cost, less deployment with higher) and with total energy produced (more energy produced from lower-cost reactors, less energy from higher-cost reactors).
761
Berthélemy and Rangel, “Nuclear Reactors’ Construction Costs.”
762
Adriana Brasileiro, “Turkey Point Nuclear Reactors Get OK to Run Until 2053 in Unprecedented NRC Approval,” Miami Herald, December 5, 2019, https://www.miamiherald.com.
763
Chernobyl, episode 5, “Vichnaya Pamyat,” directed by Johan Renck, HBO, June 3, 2019.
764
Michael Dobbs, One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War (New York: Vintage Books, 2009), 312.
765
Michael Dobbs, One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War (New York: Vintage Books, 2009), 344.
766
John Lewis Gaddis, The Long Peace: Inquiries into the History of the Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 230. Gaddis first published his speech as a 1986 journal article, “The Long Peace: Elements of Stability in the Postwar International System,” International Security, Spring 1986, 99–142.
767
Our World in Data, “Battle Related Deaths in State-Based Conflicts Since 1946,” Our World in Data, https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/battle-related-deaths-in-state-based-conflicts-since-1946-by-world-region.
768
Devin T. Hagerty, Nuclear Weapons and Deterrence: Stability in South Asia (London: Palgrave Pivot, Cham, 2019), 94.
769
Dylan Matthews, “Meet the Political Scientist Who Thinks the Spread of Nuclear Weapons Prevents War,” Vox, August 21, 2014, https://www.vox.com.
770
David Brunnstrom, “North Korea May Have Made More Nuclear Bombs, but Threat Reduced: Study,” Reuters, February 11, 2019, https://www.reuters.com.
771
Matthew Kroenig, A Time to Attack: The Looming Iranian Nuclear Threat (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 125–126.
772
Scott D. Sagan and Kenneth N. Waltz, “Is Nuclear Zero the Best Option?” The National Interest, no. 109 (September – October 2010): 88–96, https://fsi-live.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/Sagan_Waltz_-_National_Interest_-_The_Great_Debate.pdf.
773
Vannevar Bush, John S. Dickey, Allen W. Dulles et al., “Report by the Panel of Consultants of the Department of State to the Secretary of State: Armaments and American Policy,” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954, vol. 2, part 2, National Security Affairs, document 67, January 1953, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v02p2/d67. Richard Rhodes, Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012), 588.
774
Max Born, Percy W. Bridgman, Albert Einstein, Bertrand Russell et al., “Statement: The Russell-Einstein Manifesto,” July 9, 1955, presented at the 1st Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs, Pugwash, Nova Scotia, 1957, https://pugwash.org/1955/07/09/statement-manifesto.
775
“CNN Poll: Public Divided on Eliminating All Nuclear Weapons,” CNN, April 12, 2010, http://www.cnn.com.
776
Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin, American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer (New York: Vintage Books, 2006), 309.
777
Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin, American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer (New York: Vintage Books, 2006), 317.
778
Bryan Bishop and Josh Dzieza, “Tesla Energy Is Elon Musk’s Battery System That Can Power Homes, Businesses, and the World,” The Verge, May 1, 2015, https://www.theverge.com.
779
Tesla, “Tesla introduces Tesla Energy,” YouTube, May 2, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=82&v=NvCIhn7_FXI&feature=emb_logo.
780
H. J. Mai, “Tesla Powerwall, Powerpack deployment grows 81 % to 415 MWh in Q2,” Utility Dive, July 30, 2019, https://www.utilitydive.com.
781
Andy Sendy, “Pegging the All-in, Installed Cost of a Tesla Powerwall 2,” Solar Reviews, October 3, 2017, https://www.solarreviews.com; Sean O’Kane, “Tesla Launches a Rental Plan to Help Its Slumping Home Solar Panel Business,” The Verge, August 19, 2019, https://www.theverge.com.
782
U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2019 With Projections to 2050 (Washington, D.C.: EIA, September 2019), https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/ieo/pdf/ieo2019.pdf; U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2020 (Washington, D.C.: EIA, January 2020), https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo.
783
BP Energy Economics, “BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019, 68th Edition,” BP, June 2019, accessed January 16, 2020, https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf. In the U.S. and Europe in 2018, renewables generated 7 and 16 percent of total primary energy and 17 and 34 percent of total electricity, respectively. Of that, hydroelectricity generated2.8 and 7.1 percent of total primary energy and 6.5 and 15.7 percent of total electricity. Biomass generated 0.7 and 2.3 percent of total primary energy and 1.5 and 5.0 percent of total electricity. Biofuels generated 1.7 and 0.8 percent