105. Marsh, Images of Dictatorship, pp. 45–50.

106. J. Brooks Thank you, Comrade Stalin: Soviet Public Culture from Revolution to Cold War (Princeton, 2000), p. 60.

107. G. Prokhorov Art under Socialist Realism: Soviet Painting 1930–1950 (Roseville East, Austr., 1995), p. 101.

108. IWM, Speer Collection, Box S369, FIAT Report 19, exploitation of Albert Speer, 19 October 1945, pp. 3–4

109. C. Haste Nazi Women (London, 2001), p. 78.

110. F. Reck-Malleczewen Diary of a Man in Despair (London, 1951), p. 19.

111. Resis, Molotov Remembers, pp. 189–90; on Hitler’s retirement, IWM, Speer Collection, Box S369, FIAT Report 19, p. 15.

112. Löhmann, Der Stalinmythos, p. 6.

113. Marsh, Images of Dictatorship, p. 28.

114. Fenander, ‘Author and Autocrat’, p. 295.

1. J. Öhquist Das Reich des Führers (Bonn, 1943), p. 161.

2. J. Stalin Works (13 vols, Moscow, 1953–55), vol. viii, p. 43, ‘Concerning Questions of Leninism’, January 1926.

3. ‘Der Schlussrede des Führers auf dem Parteikongress’ 10 September 1934, in G. Neesse Die Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (Stuttgart, 1935), pp. 194–6.

4. J. Stalin Problems of Leninism (Moscow, 1947), pp. 80–81, ‘Foundation of Leninism’, April 1924.

5. Stalin, Problems of Leninism, pp. 81–2.; Neese, Nationalsozialistische Partei, pp. 196–7; D. Hein ‘Partei und Bewegung. Zwei Typen moderner politischer Willensbildung’, Historische Zeitschrift, 263 (1996), pp. 85–7, 90–91.

6. Neesse, Nationalsozialistische Partei, p. 202; Stalin, Problems of Leninism, p. 80.

7. Neesse, Nationalsozialistische Partei, p. 202; Stalin, Problems of Leninism, p. 139, ‘On the Problems of Leninism’, 26 January 1926; H. Mehringer Die NSDAP als politische Aus lese organisation (Munich, 1938), p. 14.

8. Stalin, Problems of Leninism, p. 84; Neesse, Nationalsozialistische Partei, p. 202; L. Münz Führer durch die Behörden und Organisationen (Berlin, 1939), p. 2a.

9. Stalin, Problems of Leninism, p. 153; Works, vol. viii, p. 43.

10. Stalin, Problems of Leninism, p. 82; Stalin, Works, vol. viii, pp. 44–5.

11. Neesse, Nationalsozialistische Partei, p. 22; Mehringer, Die NSDAP, p. 14; W. Schieder ‘Die NSDAP vor 1933. Profi l einer faschistischen Partei’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 19 (1993), pp. 145–7; J. Caplan ‘National Socialism and the Theory of the State’, in T. Childers and J. Caplan (eds) Reevaluating the Third Reich (New York, 1993), pp. 105–7.

12. T. H. Rigby Communist Party Membership in the USSR 1917–1967 (Princeton, NJ, 1968), p. 52; M. Kater The Nazi Party: A

Social Profi le of Members and Leaders, 1919–1945 (Oxford, 1983), p. 263; B. Meissner The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (New York, 1956), pp. 4–5.

13. A. Avtorkhanov The Communist Party Apparatus (Chicago, 1961), pp. 76, 79–80; M. Fainsod How Russia is Ruled (Cambridge, Mass., 1967), pp. 248–50, 262; G. Gill The Rules of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (London, 1988), pp. 40–42.

14. R. Taylor Film Propaganda in Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany (London, 1998), p. 63.

15. Meissner, Communist Party, p. 40; Gill, Rules of the Communist Party, pp. 163–4.

16. C.-W. Reibel Das Fundament der Diktatur: Die NSDAP-Ortsgruppen 1932–1945 (Paderborn, 2002), pp. 232–3.

17. Details on membership from Rigby, Communist Party Membership, pp. 190–91, 197–200, 256–63; see too Fainsod, How Russia is Ruled, pp. 248–70.

18. Rigby, Communist Party Membership, pp. 275–80.

19. D. Orlow The History of the Nazi Party: Volume II 1933–1945 (Newton Abbot, 1973), pp. 55–6, 202.

20. Kater, The Nazi Party, p. 263; Orlow, Nazi Party: II, pp. 203–5, 253, 323.

21. Rigby, Communist Party Membership, p. 73; D. Schmiechen-Ackermann ‘Der “Blockwart”’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte,

48 (2000), pp. 584–5.

22. Rigby, Communist Party Membership, pp. 204–13; Fainsod, How Russia is Ruled, 260–61, 262; see too J. A. Getty The Origin of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered 1933–1938 (Cambridge, 1985).

23. Fainsod, How Russia is Ruled, pp. 177, 196.

24. Rigby, Communist Party Membership, pp. 263–75.

25. Schmiechen-Ackermann, ‘Der “Blockwart”’, pp. 596–7.

26. Calculated from Kater, Nazi Party, p. 263.

27. Orlow, Nazi Party: II, pp. 124–5.

28. Schmiechen-Ackermann, ‘Der “Blockwart’”, p. 587.

29. D. Mühlberger The Pattern of the SA’s Social Appeal’, in C. Fisher (ed.) The Rise of National Socialism and the Working Classes in Weimar Germany (Oxford, 1996), pp. 99–116.

30. A. Graziosi A New, Peculiar State: Explorations in Soviet History 1917–1937 (Westport, Conn., 2000), pp. 196–7.

31. Fainsod, How Russia is Ruled, p. 251; R. Hill and P. Frank The Soviet Communist Party (London, 1983), pp. 33–6.

32. K. Boterbloem Life and Death under Stalin: Kalinin Province, 1945–1953 (Montreal, 1999), p. 102; Fainsod, How Russia is Ruled, p. 264.

33. C.-C. Szejnmann Vom Traum zum Alptraum: Sachsen in der Weimarer Republik (Dresden, 2000), pp. 114–16.

34. Kater, The Nazi Party, pp. 264–7; D. Miihlberger (ed.) The Social Basis of European Fascist Movements (London, 1987), pp.

76–94: C. Roth Parteikreis und Kreisleiter der NSDAP unter besonderer Berücksichtigung Bayerns (Munich, 1997), p. 182;

H.-U. Thamer Verführung und Gewalt: Deutschland 1933–1945 (Berlin, 1986), p. 175.

35. J. Falter and M. H. Kater ‘Wähler und Mitglieder der NSDAP’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 19 (1993), p. 165.

36. Roth, Parteikreis und Kreisleiter, p. 183; Meissner, Communist Party, p. 10.

37. Fainsod, How Russia is Ruled, pp. 254, 271; Rigby, Communist Party Membership, p. 361.

38. Rigby, Communist Party Membership, p. 354; Fainsod, How Russia is Ruled, pp. 257, 274.

39. Roth, Parteikreis und Kreisleiter, p. 180; Thamer, Verführung und Gewalt, p. 178; Kater, The Nazi Party, p. 257.

40. Gill, Rules of the Communist Party, pp. 162–3, Rules of the All-Union Communist Party, 1934.

41. Avtorkhanov, Communist Party Apparatus, pp. 119, 122; Fainsod, How Russia is Ruled, pp. 229–30.

42. Avtorkhanov, Communist Party Apparatus, pp. 153–4; Fainsod, How Russia is Ruled, p. 196; M. Fainsod Smolensk under Soviet Rule (Boston, Mass., 1989), pp. 63, 113; L. Schapiro The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (London, 1960), pp. 444–5.