98. J. Toland Adolf Hitler (London, 1976), p. 571.

99. B. Whaley Codeword Barbarossa (Cambridge, Mass., 1973), p. 211.

100. On Stalin’s letter see A. M. Nekrich Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German-Soviet Relations 1922–1941 (New York, 1997), p. 22; C. Roberts ‘Planning for War: the Red Army and the Catastrophe of 1941’, Europe – Asia Studies, 47 (1995), p. 1319.

101. R. McNeal Stalin: Man and Ruler (London, 1988), p. 238.

102. Resis, Molotov Remembers, p. 22; Knight, Beria, p. 109.

103. On Stalin, Resis, Molotov Remembers, p. 25; O. Dietrich The Hitler I Knew (London, 1955), p. 47. Also L. E. Hill (ed.) Die Weizsäcker-Papiere 1933–50 (Frankfurt am Main, 1974), p. 164, entry for 7 September 1939.

104. N. von Below At Hitler’s Side: The Memoirs of Hitler’s Luftwaffe Adjutant 1937–1945 (London, 2003), pp. 32–3.

105. E. Radzinsky Stalin (London, 1996), pp. 451–2.

106. von Below, At Hitler’s Side, p. 33.

107. On the offi ce see Brausse, Führungsordnung, p. 52; on the succession N. Zitelmann Hitler: the Politics of Seduction (London, 1999), p. 383.

108. Zitelmann, Hitler, pp. 383–7; on the special nature of Hitler’s leadership Brausse, Führungsordnung, pp. 54–5, 60.

109. W. Taubman Khrushchev: the Man and his Era (New York, 2003), pp. 3–17.

1. Pravda, 19 December 1939, ‘About Stalin’.

2. Uncensored Germany: Letters and News Sent Secretly from Germany to the German Freedom Party (London, 1940), pp. 23–4.

3. I. Zbarsky and S. Hutchinson Lenin’s Embalmers (London, 1998), pp. 164–5; S. Fenander ‘Author and Autocrat: Tertz’s Stalin and the Ruse of Charisma’, Russian Review, 58 (1999), p. 295.

4. P. Grigorenko Memoirs (London, 1983), p. 219; P. Deriabin with J. C. Evans Inside Stalin’s Kremlin (Washington, DC, 1998), pp. x – xi.

5. A. Speer Inside the Third Reich: Memoirs (London, 1970), pp. 488–9.

6. Imperial War Museum, London, Aus deutsche Urkunden. Letters from British censor’s offi ce, n.d. but c. 1945.

7. I. Kershaw The ‘Hitler Myth’: Image and Reality in the Third Reich (Oxford, 1987), pp. 264–6.

8. W. Lewis The Hitler Cult (London, 1939); E. Alexander Der Mythos Hitler (Zurich, 1937).

9. See S. Labin Stalin’s Russia (London, 1949), pp. 6Iff for contemporary views of the Stalin cult.

10. A. Hitler Mein Kampf (ed. D. C. Watt, London, 1969), pp. 403, 408–9; R. Zitelmann Hitler: the Politics of Seduction (London, 1999), p. 391.

11. H. Trevor-Roper (ed.) Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–1944 (London, 1973), pp. 385–6, 508, conversation of 31 March 1942 and 31 May 1942.

12. G. Macdonogh The Last Kaiser: William The Impetuous (London, 2000), p. 453.

13. J. Stalin Foundations of Leninism (New York, 1939), p. 59.

14. Stalin, Foundations, pp. 110, 118.

15. J. Stalin Works (13 vols, Moscow, 1952–55), vol. xiii, pp. 107–9, ‘Talk with the German author Emil Ludwig’, 13 December 1931.

16. D. Brandenberger and A. Dubrovsky ‘“The People need a Tsar”: the Emergence of National Bolshevism as Stalinist Ideology 1931–1941’, Europe – Asia Studies, 50 (1998), pp. 873–92; see too D. Brandenberger National Bolshevism: Stalinist Mass Culture and the Formation of Modern Russian National Identity 1931–1956 (Cambridge, Mass., 2002), pp. 56–8, 86–90, 100–03.

17. A. Resis (ed.) Molotov Remembers: Inside Kremlin Politics. Conversations with Felix Chuev (Chicago, 1993), pp. 181, 213.

18. E. van Ree The Political Thought of Joseph Stalin (London, 2002), p. 163.

19. Voprosy Istorii, 1953, no. 11.

20. B. Rosenthal New Myth, New World: from Nietzsche to Stalin (Pittsburgh, 2002), p. 377.

21. R. Bendix Max Weber: an Intellectual Portrait (London, 1966), pp. 299–307; J. Winckelmann (ed.) Max Weber: gesammelte politische Schrifte (Tübingen, 1958), pp. 505fr, ‘Politik als Beruf, October 1919.

22. D. Beetham Max Weber and the Theory of Modern Politics (London, 1974), p. 227.

23. W. G. Runciman (ed.) Max Weber: Selections in Translation (London, 1974), p. 226.

24. Rosenthal, New Myth, New World, p. 377.

25. A. Storr (ed.) The Essential Jung: Selected Writings (London, 1983), pp. 191, 202–3.

26. A. Kolnai The War Against the West (London, 1938), p. 159.

27. G. Scheele The Weimar Republic: Overture to the Third Reich (London, 1946), pp. 229–30.

28. B. G. Rosenthal ‘Nietzsche, Nationality, Nationalism’, in A. Freifeld, P. Bergmann and B. G. Rosenthal (eds) East Europe reads Nietzsche (New York, 1998), pp. 190–97; M. L. Loe ‘Gorky and Nietzsche: the Quest for a Russian Superman’, in B. G. Rosenthal (ed.) Nietzsche in Russia (Princeton, NJ, 1986), pp. 251–2.

29. Y. Yevtushenko (ed.) Twentieth-Century Russian Poetry (London, 1993), p. 81; on the use of religious imagery and metaphor see N. Tumarkin Lenin Lives! The Lenin Cult in Soviet Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1997), pp. 18–23; M. D. Steinberg Proletarian Imagination: Self, Modernity, and the Sacred in Russia, 1910–1925 (Ithaca, NY, 2002), pp. 254–5, 273–8.

30. Tumarkin, Lenin Lives! p. 21; on Lunacharsky see A. L. Tait ‘Lunacharsky: a “Nietzschean Marxist”?’, in Rosenthal, Nietzsche in Russia, pp. 275–92.

31. On the Tsar cult and its decline see O. Figes and B. Kolonitskii Interpreting the Russian Revolution: the Language and Symbols of 1917 (New Haven, Conn., 1999), chs 1–2; Tumarkin, Lenin Lives! pp. 6–12.

32. Pravda, 18 December 1939.

33. W. Laqueur Stalin: the Glasnost Revelations (London, 1990), p. 180.

34. Tumarkin, Lenin Lives! pp. 54–5.

35. I. Bonnell Iconography of Power: Soviet Political Posters under Lenin and Stalin (Berkeley, Calif., 1997), pp. 140–54; S. Davies Popular Opinion in Stalin’s Russia: Terror, Propaganda and Dissent, 1934–1941 (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 147–9.

36. Tumarkin, Lenin Lives! p. 80.

37. Tumarkin, Lenin Lives! p. 82.

38. B. Ennker ‘The Origins and Intentions of the Lenin Cult’, in I. D. Thatcher (ed.) Regime and Society in Twentieth-Century Russia (London, 1999), pp. 119–25; Zbarsky and Hutchinson, Lenin’s Embalmers, pp. 9–25 for details on the decision.

39. Ennker, ‘Lenin Cult’, pp. 123–4; Zbarsky and Hutchinson, Lenin’s Embalmers, pp. 25–31; Tumarkin, Lenin Lives! pp. 191–6, 205.

40. Bonnell, Iconography of Power, pp. 148, 150; Tumarkin, Lenin Lives! pp. 126–7; R. Löhmann Der Stalinmythos: Studien zur Sozialgeschichte des Personenkultes in der Sowjetunion (1929–1935) (Münster, 1990), pp. 47–56.