68. Simon, Nationalism and Policy, pp. 162–3.

69. W. Taubman Khrushchev: the Man and his Era (New York, 2002), p. 99.

70. Pohl, Ethnic Cleansing, pp. 1–3.

71. On Esperanto speakers see K. Sword (ed.) The Soviet Takeover of the Polish Eastern Provinces, 1939–1941 (London, 1991), appendix 3c ‘NKVD Instructions Relating to “Anti-Soviet Elements”’.

72. K. Sword Deportation and Exile: Poles in the Soviet Union, 1939–48 (London, 1994), pp. 25–7; J. Gross Revolution from

Abroad: the Soviet Conquest of Poland’s Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia (Princeton, NJ, 1988), pp. 193–4.

73. Tolz, ‘Deportations of Ethnic Groups’, p. 162.

74. Sword, Deportation and Exile, p. 22.

75. Pohl, Ethnic Cleansing, p. 5; Tolz, ‘Deportation of Ethnic Groups’, pp. 161–7; Bougai, Deportation of Peoples, passim.

76. Tolz, ‘Deportation of Ethnic Groups’, p. 164.

77. Tolz, ‘Deportation of Ethnic Groups’, p. 166.

78. N. Levin Paradox of Survival: the Jews in the Soviet Union since 1917 (2 vols, London, 1990), vol. i, pp. 477–9, 484.

79. Stalin, Works, vol. ii, pp. 307–8, 345, 359; J. Miller ‘Soviet Theory on the Jews’, in L. Kochan (ed.) The Jews in Soviet Russia since 1917 (Oxford, 1978), pp. 49–52.

80. J. B. Schechtman ‘The USSR, Zionism and Israel’, in Kochan, Jews in Soviet Russia, pp. 106–8.

81. Z. Gitelman ‘Soviet Jewry before the Holocaust’, in Z. Gitelman (ed.) Bitter Legacy: Confronting the Holocaust in the USSR (Bloomington, Ind., 1997), p. 5; B. Pinkus ‘La participation des minorities nationals extraterritoriales à la vie politique et publique de l’Union Soviétique, 1917–1939’, Cahiers du monde russe, 36 (1995) pp. 299–300.

82. Schechtman, ‘The USSR, Zionism and Israel’, p. 118.

83. Gitelman, ‘Soviet Jewry’, p. 6; Smith, ‘Education of National Minorities’, p. 30; see too S. W. Baron The Russian Jew under Tsars and Soviets (2nd edn, New York, 1987), pp. 226–34.

84. M. Altshuler Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust (Jerusalem, 1998), pp. 30, 146; Levin, Paradox of Survival, pp. 134–

43, 233; E. Lohr ‘The Russian Army and the Jews: Mass Deportations, Hostages, and Violence during World War P, Russian

Review, 60 (2001), p. 408 on the Pale.

85. Altshuler, Soviet Jewry, p. 146.

86. Levin, Paradox of Survival, pp. 275–6.

87. Altshuler, Soviet Jewry, p. 26.

88. C. Abramsky ‘The Biro-Bidzhan Project, 1927–1959’, in Kochan, Jews in Soviet Russia, pp. 70–71, 73–7.

89. B.-C. Pinchuk Shtetl Jews under Soviet Rule: Eastern Poland on the Eve of the Holocaust (London, 1990), pp. 55, 129–31.

90. Pinchuk, Shtetl Jews, p. 39.

91. Schechtman, ‘The USSR, Zionism and Israel’, p. 124.

92. S. Sebag Montefi ore Stalin: the Court of the Red Tsar (London, 2003), pp. 509–10; A. Vaksberg Stalin against the Jews (New York, 1994), pp. 159–81; Levin, Paradox of Survival, pp. 393–4.

93. For details see B. Pinkus The Jews of the Soviet Union: the History of a National Minority (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 142–50, 174–7; Y. Rapaport The Doctors’ Plot: Stalin’s Last Crime (London, 1991); J. Brent and V. Naumov Stalin’s Last Crime: the Plot against the Jewish Doctors, 1948–1953 (London, 2002).

94. A. Blakely Russia and the Negro (Washington DC, 1986), p. 101.

95. Hirsch, ‘Race without Racial Polities’, pp. 32–5; A. Weiner ‘Nothing but Certainty’, Slavic Review, 61 (2002), pp. 44–51. See for a different view E. D. Weitz ‘Racial Politics without the Concept of Race: Reevaluating Soviet Ethnic and National Purges’, Slavic Review, 61 (2002), pp. 1–29.

96. Hirsch, ‘Race without Racial Polities’, p. 36.

97. Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik, Ser. D, vol. I (Baden-Baden, 1950), p. 25, ‘Niederschrift über die Besprechung in der Reichskanzlei’, 5 November 1937.

98. S. Lauryssens The Man who Invented the Third Reich (Stroud, 1999), pp. 140, 146, 151.

99. J. W. Young Totalitarian Language: Orwell’s Newspeak and its Nazi and Communist Antecedents (Charlottesville, Va., 1991), p. 108.

100. M. Quinn The Swastika: Constructing the Symbol (London, 1994), pp. 21, 116, 130–33.

101. Feinstein, ‘Deutschland über alles?’, pp. 506–9; J. W. Baird To Die for Germany: Heroes in the Nazi Pantheon (Bloomington, Ind., 1990), pp. 79–80, 264–5.

102. A. Kruck Geschichte des Alldeutschen Verbandes 1890–1939 (Wiesbaden, 1954), p. 216.

103. R.J. O’Neill The German Army and the Nazi Party 1933–1939 (London, 1966), p. 87.

104. Royal Institute of International Affairs, Nationalism, p. 78.

105. J. A. Leopold Alfred Hugenberg: The Radical Nationalist Campaign against the Weimar Republic (New Haven, Conn., 1977), pp. 149–63.

106. Kruck, Geschichte des Alldeutschen Verbandes, pp. 216–17.

107. Herb, Under the Map of Germany’, pp. 132–40.

108. F. L. Kroll Utopie als Ideologie: Geschichtsdenken und politisches Handeln im Dritten Reich (Paderborn, 1998), pp. 217–2.0; see too A. A. Kallis ‘To Expand or not to Expand? Territory, Generic Fascism and the Quest for an “Ideal Fatherland’”, Journal of Contemporary History, 38 (2003), pp. 237–60; J. Hermand Der alte Traum vom neuen Reich: Völkische Utopien und Nationalsozialismus (Frankfurt am Main, 1988), pp. 321–33.

109. F. El-Tayeb ‘“Blood is a very special Juice”: Racialized Bodies and Citizenship in Twentieth-Century Germany’, International Review of Social History, 44 (1999), Supplement, pp. 149–53, 162.

110. E. Syring Hitler: seine politische Utopie (Frankfurt am Main, 1994), p. 210.

111. Vopel, ‘Radikaler, völkischer Nationalismus’, p. 164.

112. M. Dean The Development and Implementation of Nazi Denaturalization and Confi scation Policy up to the Eleventh Decree of the Reich Citizenship Law’, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 16 (2002), pp. 218–20.

113. H. Kaden and L. Nestler (eds) Dokumente des Verbrechens: aus Akten des Dritten Reiches 1933–1945 (3 vols., Berlin, 1993), vol. i, pp. 60–62, Reichsbürgergesetz, 15 September 1935; Gesetz zum Schütze des deutschen Blutes und der deutschen Ehre, 15 September 1935.

114. P. Weindling Health, Race and German Politics between National Unifi cation and Nazism 1870–1945 (Cambridge, 1989), p. 530; C. Lusane Hitler’s Black Victims (New York, 2002).

115. Dokumente des Verbrechens, vol. i, pp. 66–7, Erste Verordnung zum Reichsbürgergesetz, 14 November 1935.

116. B. Miller-Lane (ed.) Nazi Ideology before 1933: A Documentation (Manchester, 1978), p. 115 from ‘Marriage Laws and the Principles of Breeding’; Heinemann, “Rasse, Siedlung, pp. 62–6; D. Bergen The Nazi Concept of “Volksdeutsche” and the Exacerbation of Anti-Semitism in Eastern Europe 1939–1945’, Journal of Contemporary History, 29 (1994), pp. 569–72 for details of the ‘Volksliste’.