[Щаранский Н.] Интервью Юлия Кошаровского с Натаном Щаранским // Юлий Кошаровский. URL: http://kosharovsky. com/интервью/натан-щаранский (дата обращения: 1.06.2022).

Эдельштейн 2007 – [Эдельштейн Ю.] Интервью Юлия Кошаровского с Юлием Эдельштейном // Юлий Кошаровский. 2007. URL: http://kosharovsky.com/интервью/юлий-эдельштейн (дата обращения: 1.06.2022).

Эльсони 1978 – Эльсони А. Религия и культурно-политический ренессанс советского еврейства // Книга вторая. Доклады, подготовленные к симпозиуму «Еврейская культура в СССР: состояние и перспективы». Перепечатано в: Еврейский самиздат. Т. 15. Иерусалим, 1978. С. 377–379.

Эссас 1978 – Эссас И. Иудаизм или эллинизм? (Какая культура нужна советским евреям?) // Книга вторая. Доклады, подготовленные к симпозиуму «Еврейская культура в СССР: состояние и перспективы». Перепечатано в: Еврейский самиздат. Т. 15. Иерусалим, 1978. С. 380–381.

Abrahams 1993 – Abrahams I. Jewish Life in the Middle Ages. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1993. 452 p.

Archiv FSO. F. 214 – Archiv der Forschungsstelle Osteuropa. F. 214. Igor Guberman.

Archiv FSO. F. 30.45 – Archiv der Forschungsstelle Osteuropa. F. 30.45. Ernst Lewin.

Baron 1965 – Baron S. W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews. Vol. 9: Under Church and Empira, 1200–1650. New York: Columbia University Press, 1965. 350 p.

CAHJP. ARS – Central Archives for the History of Jewish People. Fond of the Association “Remember and Save.”

Box 10. File 087–029 – Комитет действия по советскому еврейству (Реховот, Израиль). 10 октября 1976. Проблема прямиков.

File 100–003 – Ури Белц. Моя алия. Б.м., б.д.

Box 14B. S.n. [Gimelstein] – Маргарита Гимельштейн. Отказ и отказники. Ленинград, 1980-е гг.

CAHJP. CEEJ – Central Archives for the History of Jewish People. Fond of the Center for the Study and Documentation of East European Jewry.

File 627 – Геся Камайская. Пробуждение национального самосознания евреев г. Риги. Кон 50-х, 60-е и начало 70-х годов (Документальные воспоминания). 1975 г.

File 864 – Письмо Эйтана Финкельштейна Меиру Гельфонду от 16.11.1978.

File 960-I.1 – Simposium on the situation of Soviet Jewry and Jewsh Movement, personal biographical stories from all-over the USSR. 1974.

File 1003 – Григорий и Исай Гольдштейны. О еврейской культуре в СССР. 21 p.

File 1004 – Стенограмма семинара об антисемитизме в советской пропаганде и возможностях борьбы с ним, 2 часть, 8.4.1978.

File 1103 – Га-алия ми-Брит га-моацот ли-Исраэль бе-шаним 1968–1977 [Эмиграция из Советского Союза в Израиль в 1968–1977 гг.] 116 p.

File 1104 – Elazar Leshem, Yehudit Rosenbaum, Orit Kahanov. The “drop-out” phenomenon among Soviet Jews: Main findings and recommendations. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University in Jerusalem: The Center for research and documentation of East European Jewry. Oct 1979.

File 1264 – Клара Наумовна Пруслина. Еще раз о нешире (Впечатления новоприбывшей из СССР). 18 p.

Fürst 2010 – Fürst J. Stalin’s Last Generation: Soviet Post-War Youth and the Emergence of Mature Socialism. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. 352 p.

Kaplan 1989 – Kaplan Y. From Christianity to Judaism: The Story of Isaac Orobio de Castro. Oxford, 1989. 531 p.

Kaplan 2000 – Kaplan Y. An Alternative Path to Modernity: The Sephardi Diaspora in Western Europe. Leiden-Boston-Köln: BRILL, 2000. 309 p.

Kornblatt 2004 – Kornblatt J. D. Doubly Chosen: Jewish Identity, the Soviet Intelligentsia, and the Russian Orthodox Church. The University of Wisconsin Press, 2004. 203 p.

Kuntsman 2009 – Kuntsman А. Figurations of Violence and Belonging. Queerness, Migranthood and Nationalism in Cyberspace and Beyond. Bern: Peter Land, 2009. 278 p.

Mamadouh 1999 – Mamadouh V. Grid-group cultural theory: an introduction // GeoJournal. 1999. Vol. 47. P. 395–409.

Pinkus 1991 – Pinkus B. The Hazara Bitshuva Phenomenon among Russian Jews in the Post-Stalin Era // Jews and Jewish Topics in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Vol. 15, № 2. 1991. P. 15–30.

Ro’i 2012a – Ro’i Y. Introduction: From Disaffection to Political Opportunity and Activism // The Jewish Movement in the Soviet Union / Ed. by Yacov Ro’i. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012. P. 1–12.

Ro’i 2012b – [Ro’i Y.] The Jewish Movement in the Soviet Union / Ed. by Yacov Ro’i. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012. 450 p.

Shoham-Steiner 2014 – Shoham-Steiner E. On the Margins of a Minority: Leprosy, Madness, and Disability among the Jews of Medieval Europe. Wayne State University Press, 2014. 288 p.

“Preventing from Pernicious Ways”: Jewish Movement in the late Soviet Union and the Reproduction of Intolerance

Galina Zelenina

Russian State University for the Humanities,

Moscow, Russia

The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy

and Public Administration,

Moscow, Russia

ORCID: 0000–0001–9411–4102

Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor

Department of Jewish Theology, Biblical and Jewish Studies,

Russian State University for the Humanities

6 Miusskaya sq., bld. 1, office 605, 125993 GSP-3 Moscow, Russia

Tel.: +7 495 250 64 70

Senior Researcher

The School for the Advanced Studies in the Humanities, The Russian

Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration

Prospekt Vernadskogo, 82, bld. 9, 119606 Moscow Russia

E-mail: [email protected]

DOI: 10.31168/2658–3356.2022.9

Abstract. Drawing on ego-documents, samizdat, and oral histories, this article examines Soviet Jewish refuseniks’ attitudes to two of their Jewish Others: Judeo-Christians and so-called noshrim – that is, Jews who used Israeli visas to emigrate to the USA or other Western countries. It describes how refusniks marginalized and transformed Judeo-Christians and noshrim into inner enemies, and discusses the probable patterns and reasons for this intolerance in the contexts of Jewish history, the sociology of envy, and studies on the Soviet personality and collective values.

Keywords: Jewish national movement, USSR, emigration, Refuseniks, Judeo-Christians, Jewish history, Soviet Jewry, Soviet collective

References

Abrahams, I., 1993, Jewish Life in the Middle Ages. Philadelphia, Jewish Publication Society, 452.

Baron, S. W., 1965, A Social and Religious History of the Jews. Vol. 9: Under Church and Empire, 1200–1650. New York, Columbia University Press, 350.

Charnyi, S., 2018, Samizdatskii krug chteniia pozdnesovetskogo religioznogo evreia (po materialam Arkhiva Vaada Rossii) [Samizdat reading of the late Soviet religious Jew]. Acta Samizdatica / Zapiski o samizdate: al’manakh, 4, 220–230.

Dubnov, S. M., 2003, Istoriia evreev v Evrope: ot nachala ikh poseleniia do kontsa 18 veka. Vol. 3: Novoe vremia (16–17 vek). Rasseianie sefardov i gegemoniia ashkenazov [History of the