delincuente’, El País, 24 August 2016.

211

Siân Brooke and Carissa Véliz, ‘Views on Privacy. A Survey’, Data, Privacy & the Individual (Center for the Governance of Change, IE University, 2020).

212

Alex Hern, ‘Hackers Publish Private Photos From Cosmetic Surgery Clinic’.

213

Olivia Solon, ‘Ashamed to Work in Silicon Valley: How Techies Became the New Bankers’, Guardian, 8 November 2017.

214

‘FTC Imposes $5 Billion Penalty and Sweeping New Privacy Restrictions on Facebook’, FTC Press Release, 24 July 2019.

215

‘Facebook Fined £500,000 for Cambridge Analytica Scandal’, BBC News, 25 October 2018.

216

‘British Airways Faces Record £183m Fine for Data Breach’, BBC News, 8 July 2019.

217

David E. Sanger, ‘Hackers Took Fingerprints of 5.6 Million U. S. Workers, Government Says’, New York Times, 23 September 2015.

218

Edward Wong, ‘How China Uses LinkedIn to Recruit Spies Abroad’, New York Times, 27 August 2019.

219

Jordi Pérez Colomé, ‘Por qué China roba datos privados de decenas de millones de estadounidenses’, El País, 17 February 2020.

220

Charlie Warzel, ‘Chinese Hacking Is Alarming. So Are Data Brokers’, New York Times, 10 February 2020.

221

Stuart A. Thompson and Charlie Warzel, ‘Twelve Million Phones, One Dataset, Zero Privacy’, New York Times, 19 December 2019.

222

Devin Coldewey, ‘Grindr Sends HIV Status to Third Parties, and Some Personal Data Unencrypted’, TechCrunch, 2 April 2018. The Norwegian Consumer Council Investigation into Grindr’s consent mechanism resulted in Grindr rejecting a number of the report’s suggestions whilst welcoming a best practice discussion: ‘Grindr and Twitter Face ‘Out of Control’ Complaint’, BBC News, 14 January 2020.

223

Echo Wang and Carl O’Donnell, ‘Behind Grindr’s Doomed Hookup in China, a Data Misstep and Scramble to Make Up’, Reuters, 22 May 2019.

224

Casey Newton, ‘How Grindr Became a National Security Issue’, Verge, 28 March 2019.

225

Jeremy Hsu, ‘The Strava Heat Map and the End of Secrets’, Wired, 29 January 2018.

226

Colin Lecher, ‘Strava Fitness App Quietly Added a New Opt-Out for Controversial Heat Map’, Verge, 1 March 2018.

227

Pablo Guimón, ‘Brexit Wouldn’t Have Happened Without Cambridge Analytica’, El País, 27 March 2018.

228

Alex Hern, ‘Facebook “Dark Ads” Can Swing Political Opinions, Research Shows’, Guardian, 31 July 2017; Timothy Revell, ‘How to Turn Facebook Into a Weaponised AI Propaganda Machine’, New Scientist, 28 July 2017; Sue Halpern, ‘Cambridge Analytica and the Perils of Psychographics’, New Yorker, 30 March 2018.

229

Angela Chen and Alessandra Potenza, ‘Cambridge Analytica’s Facebook Data Abuse Shouldn’t Get Credit for Trump’, Verge, 20 March 2018; Kris-Stella Trump, ‘Four and a Half Reasons Not to Worry That Cambridge Analytica Skewed the 2016 Election’, Washington Post, 23 March 2018.

230

В документе описывается проведение рандомизированного контрольного исследования «со всеми пользователями не моложе 18 лет в США, которые зашли на сайт Facebook 2 ноября 2010 г.». Facebook считает, что их исследование подпадает под его условия и положения – крайне сомнительное предположение. Аналогичные споры разгорелись в 2014 году, когда Facebook опубликовал исследование об вредоносном эмоциональном воздействии. Корреспондент Кашмир Хилл отметила, что Facebook включил возможность использования данных для исследований спустя четыре месяца после проведения исследования. Но даже в этом случае согласие с условиями и положениями, которые большинство людей не читают, не может считаться информированным согласием. Kashmir Hill, ‘Facebook Added “Research” To User Agreement 4 Months After Emotion Manipulation Study’, Forbes, 30 June 2014.

231

M. Bond, C. J. Fariss, J. J. Jones, A. D. Kramer, C. Marlow, J. E. Settle and J. H. Fowler, ‘A 61-Million-Person Experiment in Social Influence and Political Mobilization’, Nature 489, 2012.

232

Jay Caruso, ‘The Latest Battleground Poll Tells Us Democrats Are OverCorrecting for 2020 – and They Can’t Beat Trump That Way’, Independent, 5 November 2019.

233

Hannes Grassegger, ‘Facebook Says Its “Voter Button” Is Good for Turnout. But Should the Tech Giant Be Nudging Us at All?’, Observer, 15 April 2018.

234

John Gramlich, ‘10 Facts About Americans and Facebook’, Pew Research Center, 16 May 2019.

235

Только за 2018 год Wired насчитали 21 скандал. Issie Lapowsky, ‘The 21 (and Counting) Biggest Facebook Scandals of 2018’, Wired, 20 December 2018.

236

Cecilia Kang and Mike Isaac, ‘Defiant Zuckerberg Says Facebook Won’t Police Political Speech’, New York Times, 17 October 2019.

237

Tim Wu, ‘Facebook Isn’t Just Allowing Lies, It’s Prioritizing Them’, New York Times, 4 November 2019.

238

David Smith, ‘How Key Republicans Inside Facebook Are Shifting Its Politics to the Right’, Guardian, 3 November 2019.

239

Jonathan Zittrain, ‘Facebook Could Decide an Election Without Anyone Ever Finding Out’, New Statesman, 3 June 2014.

240

John Stuart Mill, ‘Collected Works of John Stuart Mill’ (University of Toronto Press, 1963), vol. 21, 262.

241

Thomas Nagel, ‘Concealment and Exposure’, Philosophy and Public Affairs 27, 1998.

242

Anna Lauren Hoffman, ‘Facebook is Worried About Users Sharing Less – But it Only Has Itself to Blame’, Guardian, 19 April 2016.

243

Thomas Nagel, ‘Concealment and Exposure’, 7.

244

Hans de Zwart, ‘During World War II, We Did Have Something to Hide’, Medium, 30 April 2015.

245

Thomas Douglas and Lauren Van den Borre, ‘Asbestos Neglect: Why Asbestos Exposure Deserves Greater Policy Attention’, Health Policy 123, 2019.

ГЛАВА 5

246

Fiona Harvey, ‘Ozone Layer Finally Healing After Damage Caused by Aerosols, UN Says’, Guardian, 5 November 2018.

247

‘Update Report Into Adtech and Real Time Bidding’ (United Kingdom: Information Commissioner’s Office, 2019).

248

Jesse Frederik and Maurits Martijn, ‘The New Dot Com Bubble Is Here: It’s Called Online Advertising ’, Correspondent, 6 November 2019.

249

Keach Hagey, ‘Behavioral Ad Targeting Not Paying Off for Publishers, Study Suggests’, Wall Street Journal, 29 May 2019.

250

Laura Bassett, ‘Digital Media Is Suffocating – and It’s Facebook and Google’s Fault’, American Prospect, 6 May 2019.

251

Natasha Lomas, ‘The Case Against Behavioral Advertising Is Stacking Up’, TechCrunch, 20 January 2019.

252

Mark Weiss, ‘Digiday Research: Most Publishers Don’t Benefit From Behavioral Ad Targeting’, Digiday, 5 June 2019.