Philip Johnson-Laird, Mental Models: Towards a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference, and Consciousness (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), и также Philip Johnson-Laird, How We Reason (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006). Специалисты, занимающиеся нейронаукой, утверждают, что главная задача мозга заключается именно в построении модели окружающего мира. В качестве примера недавнего анализа см. David Eaglemen, Livewired: The Inside Story of the Ever-Changing Brain (London: Pantheon Books, 2020). Более подробным разбором вопроса является работа: Chris D. Frith, Making Up the Mind: How the Brain Creates Our Mental World (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2007).

Мечта, предпринимаемая с конкретной целью: Katherine L. Alfred et al., “Mental Models Use Common Neural Spatial Structure for Spatial and Abstract Content,” Communications Biology 3, no. 17 (January 2020).

Карты и фреймы: философ науки Бас ван Фраасен утверждает, что карты и научные представления во многих аспектах являются одним и тем же. С его точки зрения, мы могли бы воспринимать научные представления как научные карты. См. Bas van Fraassen, The Scientific Representation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).

Картографическая проекция Меркатора: John Noble Wilford, “Arthur H. Robinson, 89, Geographer Who Reinterpreted World Map, Dies,” New York Times, November 15, 2004, https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/15/obituaries/arthur-h-robinson-89-geographer-who-reinterpreted-world-map-dies.html; John Noble Wilford, “The Impossible Quest for the Perfect Map,” New York Times, October 25, 1988, https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/25/science/the-impossible-quest-for-the-perfect– map.html.

Фрейминг и Конституция США: Michael J. Klarman, The Framers’ Coup: The Making of the United States Constitution (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016); противопоставление понятий «demos» и «demoi» в Европе, Kalypso Nicolaïdis, “We, the Peoples of Europe…”, Foreign Affairs, November/December 2004, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/europe/2004-11-01/we-peoples-europe.

Реакция Всемирной организации здравоохранения и организации «Врачи без границ» на вспышку лихорадки Эбола: Francis de Véricourt, “Ebola: The Onset of a Deadly Outbreak,” ESMT-317-0177-1 (Berlin: European School of Management and Technology, 2017). MSF raised the alarm on March 31, 2014, see: “Mobilisation Against an Unprecedented Ebola Epidemic,” MSF, press release, March 31, 2014, https://www.msf.org/guinea-mobilisation-against-unprecedented-ebola-epidemic. ВОЗ ответила «Врачам без границ» на пресс-конференции, состоявшейся в Женеве на следующий день, см.: “Geneva/Guinea Ebola,” Unifeed, 2:39, опубликовано на CH UNTV, April 1, 2014, https://www.unmultimedia.org/tv/unifeed/asset/U140/U140401a/.

Твит Трампа о лихорадке Эбола: Ed Yong, “The Rank Hypocrisy of Trump’s Ebola Tweets,” Atlantic, August 3, 2019, https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2019/08/the-rank-hypocrisy-of-trumps-ebola-tweets/595420/.

Коронавирусы: “Coronaviruses: SARS, MERS, and 2019-nCoV,” Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, updated April 14, 2020, https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/resources/fact-sheets/pdfs/coronaviruses.pdf.

Распространение ковида в Италии: Новости сообщили средства массовой информации Соединенного Королевства, итальянское правительство их отрицало, а итальянские врачи подтверждали. См.: Lucia Craxì, et al., “Rationing in a Pandemic: Lessons from Italy,” Asian Bioeth Rev (June 16, 2020): 1–6, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7298692.

Великолепная реакция Новой Зеландии на ковид: интервью Кеннета Кукьера с Майклом Бейкером, советником по вопросам здравоохранения при правительстве страны. Июнь 2020.

Провальная реакция Великобритании на ковид: “Britain Has the Wrong Government for the Covid Crisis,” Economist, June 18, 2020, https://www.economist.com/leaders/2020/06/18/britain-has-the-wrong-government-for-the-covid-crisis.

Британская статистика по ковиду за июнь: “Coronavirus: UK Daily Deaths Drop to Pre-lockdown Level,” BBC News, June 8, 2020, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-52968160.

Данные Соединенного Королевства по количеству новых случаев заболевания и смертей: “COVID-19 Pandemic Data in the United Kingdom,” Wikipedia, accessed October 30, 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template: COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_Kingdom_medical_cases_chart.

«Маленький шаг» Нила Армстронга: Robbie Gonzalez, “Read the New York Times’ 1969 Account of the Apollo 11 Moon Landing,” Gizmodo, August 25, 2012, https://io9.gizmodo.com/277292567?jwsource=cl.

Поправка The New York Times к своей статье 1920 года: Bjorn Carey, “New York Times to NASA: You’re Right, Rockets DO Work in Space,” Popular Science, July 20, 2009, https://www.popsci.com/military-aviation-amp-space/article/2009-07/new-york-times-nasa-youre-right-rockets-do-work-space/.

Бозон Хиггса: Sabine Hossenfelder, “The Uncertain Future of Particle Physics,” New York Times, January 23, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/23/opinion/particle-physics-large-hadron-collider.html. Черные дыры, см.: Jonathan Amos, “Dancing Gargantuan Black Holes Perform on Cue,” BBC News, April 29, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-52464250.

Стратегия голубого океана: W. Chan Kim and Renée Mauborgne, Blue Ocean Strategy: How to Create Uncontested Market Space and Make the Competition Irrelevant, expanded ed. (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015).

Братья Райт: см. Johnson-Laird, How We Reason; David Mc-Cullough, The Wright Brothers (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015). Richard P. Hallion, Taking Flight: Inventing the Aerial Age, from Antiquity Through the First World War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).

Описание пропеллера со слов Орвилла: Orville Wright, “How We Made the First Flight,” Flying and the Aero Club of America Bulletin 2 (December 1913): 10, https://www.faa.gov/education/educators/curriculum/k12/media/k-12_how_we_made_the_first_flight_orville_wright.pdf.

Фрейминг и экономическое развитие: World Bank Group, World Development Report 2015: Mind, Society, and Behavior (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2015).

Теория Блэка – Шоулза: Donald MacKenzie, An Engine, Not a Camera: How Financial Models Shape Markets (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006).

Живучесть плохих фреймов: Karla Hoff and Joseph E. Stiglitz, “Equilibrium Fictions: A Cognitive Approach to Societal Rigidity,” American Economic Review 100, no. 2 (May 2010): 141–46, https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.100.2.141.

Чтение про себя: Paul Saenger, Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1997).

Проблема фрейма: John McCarthy and Patrick Hayes, “Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence,” vol. 4 of Machine Intelligence, eds. Bernard Meltzer and Donald Michie (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1969), 463–502.

Робот Деннета: “Cognitive Wheels: The Frame Problem of AI,” in Minds, Machines and Evolution, ed. Christopher Hookway (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 129–51, dl.tufts.edu/concern/pdfs/7d279568g.

Задача о девяти точках: John Adair, Training for Decisions (London: Macdonald, 1971). Puzzle book: Sam Loyd, Sam Loyd’s Cyclopedia of 5000 Puzzles (New York: Lamb, 1914). In psychological experiments on creativity: Norman Maier, “Reasoning in Humans: I. On Direction,” Journal of Comparative Psychology 10, no. 2 (1930): 115–43; Norman Maier, “Reasoning in Humans: II. The Solution of a Problem and Its Appearance in Consciousness,” Journal of Comparative Psychology 12, no. 2 (1931): 181–94.

3. Каузальность

Размышления Бернанке у окна: Ben Bernanke, The Courage to Act: A Memoir of a Crisis and Its Aftermath (New York: Norton, 2015), 83.

История экономики: Joel Mokyr, “The Intellectual Origins of Modern Economic Growth,” Journal of Economic History 65, no. 2 (June 2005): 285–351, https://www.jstor.org/stable/3875064; Daniel R. Fusfeld, The Age of the Economist, 9th ed. (Boston: Addison– Wesley, 2002); Callum Williams, “Who Were the Physiocrats?” Economist, October 11, 2013, https://www.economist.com/free-exchange/2013/10/11/who-were-the-physiocrats; Kate Raworth, “Old Economics Is Based on False ‘Laws of Physics’ – New Economics Can Save Us,” Guardian, April 6, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2017/apr/06/kate-raworth-doughnut-economics-new-economics.

Взгляды Бернанке, согласно которым политика Федеральной резервной системы после биржевого краха 1929 года была ошибочной: Ben Bernanke, “Federal Reserve and the 2008 Financial Crisis,” speech given at George Washington University, March 27, 2012, C-SPAN video, 1:15:12, https://www.c-span.org/video/?305130-1/federal-reserve-2008-financial-crisis Ben Bernanke interviewed