Man Behind the Troll Factory, CNN, 18 октября 2017 года, доступно на https://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/17/politics/russian-oligarch-putin-chef-trollfactory/index.html.

23

Howard, Philip, Bharath Ganesh et al. The IRA, Social Media and Political Polarization in the United States, 2012–2018 (Oxford, UK: Computational Propaganda Research Project, 2019), доступно на https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2018/12/The-IRA-Social-Mediaand-Political-Polarization.pdf.

24

Cave, Andrew. Deal that Undid Bell Pottinger: Inside Story of the South Africa Scandal, Guardian, 5 сентября 2017 года, доступно на https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/sep/05/bell-pottingersouth-africa-pr-firm.

Fielding, Nick and Ian Cobain. Revealed: US Spy Operation That Manipulates Social Media, Guardian, 17 марта 2011 года, доступно на https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/mar/17/us-spy-operation-socialnetworks.

25

DiResta, Renee, Kris Shaffer, Becky Ruppel, David Sullivan, Robert Matney, Ryan Fox, Jonathan Albright and Ben Johnson. The Tactics & Tropes of the Internet Research Agency (Austin, TX: New Knowledge, 2018), доступно на https://disinformationreport.blob.core.windows.net/disinformation-report/NewKnowledge-Disinformation-ReportWhitepaper.pdf.

26

Monaco, Nicholas and Carly Nyst. State-Sponsored Trolling: How Governments Are Deploying Disinformation as Part of Broader Digital Harassment Campaigns (Palo Alto, CA: Institute for the Future, 2018), доступно на http://www.iftf.org/fileadmin/user_upload/images/DigIntel/IFTF_State_sponsored_trolling_report.pdf.

27

Wu, Tim. Is the First Amendment Obsolete? Knight First Amendment Institute, Columbia University, сентябрь 2017 года, доступно на https://knightcolumbia.org/content/tim-wu-first-amendment-obsolete.

28

Gavilan, Jodesz. Maria Ressa’s Arrest Part of Broader Gov’t Campaign, Say Rights Groups, Rappler, 14 февраля 2019 года, обновлено 15 февраля 2019 года, доступно на https://www.rappler.com/nation/223457-human-rights-groupsstatements-maria-ressa-arrest.

29

International Center for Journalists. Maria Ressa Accepts the 2018 Knight International Journalism Award, 2018 год, доступно на https://www.icfj.org/maria-ressa-accepts-2018-knight-international-journalism-award.

30

Đondović, Jelena. Turci Optužili Bivšeg Otporaša: Srđa Popović ruši vlade! Alo!, 25 августа 2017 года, доступно на https://www.alo.rs/vesti/aktuelno/srdapopovic-rusi-vlade/120133/vest.

31

Laughtivism (от англ. laugh – смех) – активизм с помощью юмора.

32

Popović, Srdja and Matthew Miller. Blueprint for Revolution: How to Use Rice Pudding, Lego Men, and Other Nonviolent Techniques to Galvanize Communities, Overthrow Dictators, or Simply Change the World (New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2015).

33

«Democracy Continues Its Disturbing Retreat», The Economist, 31 января 2018 года, доступно на https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2018/01/31/democracy-continues-its-disturbing-retreat.

34

Karnitschnig, Matthew. Aleksandar Vučić: Let’s Not Go Back to the ’90s, POLITICO, 14 апреля 2016 года, доступно на https://www.politico.eu/article/aleksandarvucic-interview-serbia-balkans-migration-kosovo-bosnia/.

35

Serbian Media Coalition Letter to the International Community, 22 октября 2018 года; доступно на http://safejournalists.net/serbian-media-coalition-alertsinternational-community/.

Trevisan, Matteo, How Media Freedom in Serbia Is Under Attack, EUobserver, 2 ноября 2018 года, доступно на https://euobserver.com/opinion/143268.

Reporters Without Borders. Who Owns the Media in Serbia? 21 июня 2017 года; доступно на https://rsf.org/en/news/who-owns-media-serbia.

36

Karnitschnig, Matthew. Serbia’s Latest Would-Be Savior Is a Modernizer, a Strongman – or Both, POLITICO, 14 апреля 2016 года, обновлено 21 апреля 2016 года; доступно на https://www.politico.eu/article/aleksandar-vucic-serbias-latestsavior-is-a-modernizer-or-strongman-or-both/.

37

Mercea, D. and M. T. Bastos. Being a Serial Transnational Activist, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, № 21 (2), 140–155 (2016); доступно на http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/13151/7/Being%20a%20serial%20transnational%20activist_prepublication.pdf.

38

Liberación de datasets sobre #YaMeCansé y Ayotzinapa; доступно на https://loquesigue.tv/liberacion-de-datasets-sobre-yamecanse-y-ayotzinapa/.

39

Finley, Klint. Pro-Government Twitter Bots Try to Hush Mexican Activists, Wired, 23 августа 2015 года; доступно на https://www.wired.com/2015/08/progovernment-twitter-bots-try-hush-mexican-activists/.

40

Olver, Dulce. El 81.3 % de los ataques de bots en Edomex fueron contra Delfina, confirma otro análisis técnico, 1 июня 2017 года; доступно на https://www.sinembargo.mx/01-06-2017/3230408.

Gallagher, Eric. «Manipulating Trends & Gaming Twitter», Medium, 18 декабря 2016 года; доступно на https://medium.com/@erin_gallagher/manipulatingtrends-gaming-twitter-6fd31714c06c.

41

Woolley, Samuel C. and Douglas R. Guilbeault. Computational Propaganda in the United States of America: Manufacturing Consensus Online, Samuel Woolley and Philip N. Howard (Eds), Working Paper 2017.5 (Oxford, UK: Computational Propaganda Research Project); доступно на http://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/politicalbots/wp-content/uploads/sites/89/2017/06/Comprop-USA.pdf.

42

Griffin, Em. A First Look at Communication Theory, 7th edn (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008); доступно на http://www.afirstlook.com/docs/spiral.pdf.

43

Noelle-Neumann, Elisabeth. The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion – Our Social Skin, 2nd edn (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1993).

44

Там же, с. 218.

45

Косачев К. Нефтегазовая дипломатия как угроза маргинализации // Независимая газета. 28 декабря 2004 года; доступно на http://www.ng.ru/world/2004-12-28/5_uspeh.html.

46

Тоомас Хендрик Ильвес был президентом Эстонии с октября 2006 года по октябрь 2016 года.

47

McGuinness, Damien. How a Cyber Attack Transformed Estonia, BBC News, 27 апреля 2017 года; доступно на https://www.bbc.com/news/39655415.

48

Дополнительная информация: The Humanitarian Dimension of Russian Foreign Policy Toward Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine, and the Baltic States, Centre for East European Policy Studies, International Centre for Defence Studies, Centre for Geopolitical Studies, School for Policy Analysis at the National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, Foreign Policy Association of Moldova, International Centre for Geopolitical Studies (2010, Gatis Pelnens, Ed.). The Security Police of the Republic of Estonia, Annual Review 2003, с. 12.

49

The Humanitarian Dimension of Russian Foreign Policy Toward. Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine and the Baltic States, 2nd edn, доступно на: https://www.academia.edu/1376506/The_Humanitarian_Dimension_of_Russian_Foreign_Policy_Toward._Georgia_Moldova_Ukraine_and_the_Baltic_States?fbclid=IwAR1MjopeIA8XTjR54YXpD_4M9yp6Re5s0J7-zSxmKnOFRXDV3sKSwFAjL14

50

Корпоративный сайт Facebook для публикации новостей, статей и пресс-релизов.

51

DiResta, Renee et al. The Tactics & Tropes of the Internet Research Agency.

52

Associated Press. US Secretly Created “Cuban Twitter” to Stir Unrest and Undermine Government», Guardian; доступно на https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/03/us-cuban-twitter-zunzuneo-stirunrest.

53

International Center for Journalists. «Maria Ressa Accepts the 2018 Knight International Journalism Award»; доступно на https://www.icfj.org/mariaressa-accepts-2018-knight-international-journalism-award.

54

Génération Identitaire (фр.) – «Поколение идентитаристов».

55

Hosenball, Mark. «British Authorities Ban Three Foreign Right-Wing Activists», Reuters, 12 марта 2018 года; доступно на https://uk.reuters.com/article/ukbritain-security-deportations/british-authorities-ban-three-foreignright-wing-activists-idUKKCN1GO2LO.

56

Ebner, Julia and Jacob Davey. The Fringe Insurgency: Connectivity and Convergence of the Extreme-Right (Institute for Strategic Dialogue, 2018); доступно на https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/The-FringeInsurgency-221017.pdf.

57

Электронный исторический ресурс «Президент США Дж. Картер и права человека в СССР», доступно на https://www.old.memo.ru/history/diss/carter/files/19-scan.jpg.

58

What Price a Soviet Jew? New York Times, 22 февраля