катетера, при проведении которых легко занести инфекцию, и дали медсестрам и другому персоналу полномочия обращаться непосредственно к врачам в случае ошибок.

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Albert W. Wu, “Medical Error: The Second Victim,” BMJ: British Medical Journal 320, no. 7237 (2000): 726.

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West, “Association of Perceived Medical Errors with Resident Distress and Empathy.”

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Свидетельства об эффективности первой психологической помощи в случаях травм, связанных со стихийными бедствиями, неоднозначны. Но по крайней мере в некоторых доказательно подкреплена идея о том, что «короткое замыкание» травматической реакции предотвращает или облегчает течение ПТСР. К примеру, когда жертвы травмы принимают пропранолол (бета-блокатор) во время травмирующих событий, уровень гормонов стресса снижается вместе с вероятностью ПТСР. Roger K. Pitman et al., “Pilot Study of Secondary Prevention of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with Propranolol,” Biological Psychiatry 51, no. 2 (2002): 189–92.

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Hanan Edrees et al., “Implementing the RISE Second Victim Support Programme at the Johns Hopkins Hospital: A Case Study,” BMJ Open 6, no. 9 (2016): e011708.

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Meier, “Inner Life of Physicians and Care of the Seriously Ill.”

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Недавнее упоминание этого явления см. у Katharine E. Smidt and Michael K. Suvak, “A Brief, but Nuanced, Review of Emotional Granularity and Emotion Differentiation Research,” Current Opinion in Psychology 3 (2015): 48–51.

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Lisa Feldman Barrett et al., “Knowing What You’re Feeling and Knowing What to Do About It: Mapping the Relation Between Emotion Differentiation and Emotion Regulation,” Cognition and Emotion 15, no. 6 (2001): 713–24.

216

Todd B. Kashdan et al., “Unpacking Emotion Differentiation: Transforming Unpleasant Experience by Perceiving Distinctions in Negativity,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 24, no. 1 (2015): 10–16; and Landon F. Zaki et al., “Emotion Differentiation as a Protective Factor Against Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Borderline Personality Disorder,” Behavior Therapy 44, no. 3 (2013): 529–40.

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Mark A. Brackett et al., “Enhancing Academic Performance and Social and Emotional Competence with the RULER Feeling Words Curriculum,” Learning and Individual Differences 22, no. 2 (2012): 218–24.

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Дистресс (от англ. distress — горе, страдание, сильное недомогание, истощение) — стресс, оказывающий отрицательное воздействие на организм, дезорганизующий деятельность и поведение. Прим. ред.

219

“Measuring Individual Differences in Empathy: Evidence for a Multidimensional Approach,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44, no. 1 (1983): 113–26; and Matthew R. Jordan et al., “Are Empathy and Concern Psychologically Distinct?” Emotion 16, no. 8 (2016): 1107–16.

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Mark Davis et al., “Empathy, Expectations, and Situational Preferences: Personality Influences on the Decision to Participate in Volunteer Helping Behaviors,” Journal of Personality 67, no. 3 (1999): 469–503; and C. Daniel Batson and Laura L. Shaw, “Evidence for Altruism: Toward a Pluralism of Prosocial Motives,” Psychological Inquiry 2, no. 2 (1991): 107–22.

221

Ezequiel Gleichgerrcht and Jean Decety, “Empathy in Clinical Practice: How Individual Dispositions, Gender, and Experience Moderate Empathic Concern, Burnout, and Emotional Distress in Physicians,” PLoS One 8, no. 4 (2013): e61526; and Martin Lamothe et al., “To Be or Not to Be Empathic: The Combined Role of Empathic Concern and Perspective Taking in Understanding Burnout in General Practice,” BMC Family Practice 15, no. 1 (2014): 15–29.

222

Во время одного интервью Лиз заполняла анкету Interpersonal Reactivity Index — тест на эмпатию — и набрала максимальное количество баллов за заботу, а к дистрессу оказалась почти невосприимчивой.

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Olga M. Klimecki et al., “Differential Pattern of Functional Brain Plasticity After Compassion and Empathy Training,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 9, no. 6 (2014): 873–79.

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Обзор и метаанализ см. у Colin P. West et al., “Interventions to Prevent and Reduce Physician Burnout: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Lancet 388, no. 10057 (2016): 2272–81.

225

Eve Ekman and Michael Krasner, “Empathy in Medicine: Neuroscience, Education and Challenges,” Medical Teacher 39, no. 2 (2017): 164–73; and Eve Ekman and Jodi Halpern, “Professional Distress and Meaning in Health Care: Why Professional Empathy Can Help,” Social Work in Health Care 54, no. 7 (2015): 633–50.

226

Jennifer S. Mascaro et al., “Meditation Buffers Medical Student Compassion from the Deleterious Effects of Depression,” Journal of Positive Psychology 13, no. 2 (2018): 133–42.

227

Noelle Young et al., “Survival and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes Among Periviable Infants,” New England Journal of Medicine 376, no. 7 (2017): 617–28.

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Anthony L. Back et al., “ ‘Why Are We Doing This?’: Clinician Helplessness in the Face of Suffering,” Journal of Palliative Medicine 18, no. 1 (2015): 26–30.

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Нормы в пищевых привычках: Erik C. Nook and Jamil Zaki, “Social Norms Shift Behavioral and Neural Responses to Foods,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, no. 7 (2015): 1412–26. Привлекательность: Jamil Zaki et al., “Social Influence Modulates the Neural Computation of Value,” Psychological Science 22, no. 7 (2011): 894–900. Голосование: Robert M. Bond et al., “A 61-Million-Person Experiment in Social Influence and Political Mobilization,” Nature 489, no. 7415 (2012): 295–98. Эмоции: Amit Goldenberg et al., “The Process Model of Group-Based Emotion: Integrating Intergroup Emotion and Emotion Regulation Perspectives,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 20, no. 2 (2016): 118–41.

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Deborah A. Prentice and Dale T. Miller, “Pluralistic Ignorance and Alcohol Use on Campus: Some Consequences of Misperceiving the Social Norm,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64, no. 2 (1993): 243.

231

Чиллеры — ледяные мини-скульптуры для напитков. Прим. ред.

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Недавний опрос показал, что в США самые поляризованные медийные экосистемы на всем Западе. Brett Edkins, “U. S. Media Among Most Polarized in