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399
"Testosterone: Act Two, Infinite Gent," This American Life, August 30, 2002, https://www.thisamericanlife.org/220/transcript.
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Гормоны, которые способствуют построению крупных молекул из тех, что меньше, называются анаболическими, а те, благодаря которым происходит расщепление крупных молекул на более мелкие, называются катаболическими.
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Peter T. Ellison, "Endocrinology, Energetics, and Human Life History: A Synthetic Model," Hormones and Behavior 91 (2017): 97–106.
402
Teresa L. D. Hardy, Jana M. Rieger, Kristopher Wells, and Carol A. Boliek, "Acoustic Predictors of Gender Attribution, Masculinity–Femininity, and Vocal Naturalness Ratings Amongst Transgender and Cisgender Speakers," Journal of Voice 34, no. 2 (2020): 300; Teresa L. D. Hardy, Carol A. Boliek, Daniel Aalto, Justin Lewicke, Kristopher Wells, and Jana M. Rieger, "Contributions of Voice and Nonverbal Communication to Perceived Masculinity-Femininity for Cisgender and Transgender Communicators," Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 4 (2020): 931–47; Adrienne B. Hancock, Julianne Krissinger, and Kelly Owen, "Voice Perceptions and Quality of Life of Transgender People," Journal of Voice 25, no. 5 (2011): 553–58.
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О глубине голоса и репродуктивном успехе (и привлекательности) см. в: Coren L. Apicella, David R. Feinberg, and Frank W. Marlowe, "Voice Pitch Predicts Reproductive Success in Male Hunter-Gatherers," Biology Letters 3, no. 6 (2007): 682–84. О голосовых характеристиках и сексуальной ориентации см. в: Simon LeVay, Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011). Тестостерон также предопределяет глубину голоса у мужчин: James M. Dabbs Jr., and Alison Mallinger, "High Testosterone Levels Predict Low Voice Pitch Among Men," Personality and Individual Differences 27, no. 4 (1999): 801–4.
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David Azul, Ulrika Nygren, Maria Södersten, and Christiane Neuschaefer-Rube, "Transmasculine People's Voice Function: A Review of the Currently Available Evidence," Journal of Voice 31, no. 2 (2017): 261.
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Rahel M. Büttler, Jiska S. Peper, Eveline A. Crone, Eef G. W. Lentjes, Marinus A. Blankenstein, and Annemieke C. Heijboer, "Reference Values for Salivary Testosterone in Adolescent Boys and Girls Determined Using Isotope-Dilution Liquid-Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (Id-Lc–Ms/Ms)," Clinica Chimica Acta 456 (2016): 15–18; David J. Handelsman, Angelica L. Hirschberg, and Stephane Bermon, "Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance," Endocrine Reviews 39, no. 5 (2018): 803–29.
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Eric P. Widmaier, Hershel Raff, and Kevin T. Strang, Vander's Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function, 14th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2015), 443.
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Scott-Robert Newman, John Butler, Elizabeth H. Hammond, and Steven D. Gray, "Preliminary Report on Hormone Receptors in the Human Vocal Fold," Journal of Voice 14, no. 1 (2000): 72–81. О развитии голосового тракта в подростковом возрасте см. в: Diana Markova, Louis Richer, Melissa Pangelinan, Deborah H. Schwartz, Gabriel Leonard, Michel Perron, G. Bruce Pike et al., "Age-and Sex-Related Variations in Vocal-Tract Morphology and Voice Acoustics During Adolescence," Hormones and Behavior 81 (2016): 84–96.
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Graham F. Welch, David M. Howard, and John Nix, The Oxford Handbook of Singing (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019), 24–25.
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W. T. Fitch and J. Giedd, "Morphology and Development of the Human Vocal Tract: A Study Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 106, no. 3 pt. 1 (1999): 1511–22. Благородный олень – один из немногих видов млекопитающих, у которых также есть опущенная гортань, которая, по-видимому, эволюционировала, чтобы устрашать соперников в ходе брачных состязаний. W. T. Fitch and D. Reby, "The Descended Larynx Is Not Uniquely Human," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 268, no. 1477 (2001): 1669–75.
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Azul et al., "Transmasculine People's Voice Function."
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Wikipedia, "Adam's Apple," Etymology, retrieved August 15, 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam's_apple#Etymology.
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Merriam-Webster, "Why Is It Called an 'Adam's Apple'? It's Not the Reason You Think," Merriam-Webster.com, Word History, https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/why-is-it-called-an-adams-apple-word-history.
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Lee Coleman, Mark Zakowski, Julian A. Gold, and Sivam Ramanathan, "Functional Anatomy of the Airway," in Carin A. Hagberg, Benumof and Hagberg's Airway Management, 3rd ed., 3–20 (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 2013).
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Neal S. Beckford, Dan Schaid, Stewart R. Rood, and Bruce Schanbacher, "Androgen Stimulation and Laryngeal Development," Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 94, no. 6 (1985): 634–40.
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Bridget Alex, "Why Humans Lost Their Hair and Became Naked and Sweaty," Discover, January 7, 2019, https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/why-humans-lost-their-hair-and-became-naked-and-sweaty.
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Bridget Alex, "What Happened When Humans Became Hairless," Discover, August 13, 2019, https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/what-happened-when-humans-became-hairless; quote is from Barnaby Dixson, an anthropologist at the University of Queensland, Australia.
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E. J. Giltay and L. J. G. Gooren, "Effects of Sex Steroid Deprivation/Administration on Hair Growth and Skin Sebum Production in Transsexual Males and Females," The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 85, no. 8 (2000): 2913–21.
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Yi Gao, Toby Maurer, and Paradi Mirmirani, "Understanding and Addressing Hair Disorders in Transgender Individuals," American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 19, no. 4 (2018): 517–27.
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Guido Giovanardi, "Buying Time or Arresting Development? The Dilemma of Administering Hormone Blockers in Trans Children and Adolescents," Porto Biomedical Journal 2, no. 5 (2017): 153–56.
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Wassim Chemaitilly, Christine Trivin, Luis Adan, Valérie Gall, Christian Sainte-Rose, and Raja Brauner, "Central Precocious Puberty: Clinical and Laboratory Features," Clinical Endocrinology 54, no. 3 (2001): 289–94.
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D. I. Spratt, L. S. O'Dea, D. Schoenfeld, J. Butler, P. N. Rao, and W. F. Crowley Jr., "Neuroendocrine-Gonadal Axis in Men: Frequent Sampling of LH, FSH, and Testosterone," American Journal of Physiology 254, no. 5, pt. 1 (1988): E658–66.
В отличие от женщин, у которых частота импульсов ГнРГ варьирует в зависимости от фазы менструального цикла, частота импульсов у мужчин относительно постоянна. Nancy Reame, Sue Ellyn Sauder, Robert P. Kelch, and John C. Marshall, "Pulsatile Gonadotropin Secretion During the Human Menstrual Cycle: Evidence for Altered Frequency of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Secretion," The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 59, no. 2 (1984): 328–37.
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Sarah-Jayne Blakemore, Stephanie Burnett, and Ronald E. Dahl, "The Role of Puberty in the Developing Adolescent Brain," Human Brain Mapping 31, no. 6 (2010): 926–33.
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Caroline Salas-Humara, Gina M. Sequeira, Wilma Rossi, and Cherie Priya Dhar, "Gender Affirming Medical Care of Transgender Youth," Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care 49, no. 9 (2019): 100683.
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Какое влияние оказывает прекращение полового созревания на эмоциональное развитие, остается неизвестным. Christopher Richards, Julie Maxwell, and Noel McCune, "Use of Puberty