отчет Министерства юстиции, негативно относится к доказательствам в виде следов укусов. См. “Relevant Cases: William Richards”, California Innocence Project, n. d., https://californiainnocenceproject.org/issues-we-face/bite-mark-evidence; Committee on Identifying the Needs of the Forensic Science Community; Committee on Science, Technology, and Law Policy and Global Affairs; Committee on Applied and Theoretical Statistics Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences; and National Research Council of the National Academies, Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2009), доступно по ссылке www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/228091.pdf.

110

Заявление Кимберли Дж. Дель Греко перед Комитетом палаты представителей по надзору и правительственной реформе, 22 марта 2017 г., www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/law-enforcements-use-of-facial-recognition-technology.

111

Matt Wood, “Thoughts on Machine Learning Accuracy”, AWS News Blog, July 27, 2018, https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/thoughts-on-machine-learning-accuracy.

112

Joy Buolamwini, Timrit Gebru, “Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification”, Proceedings of Machine Learning Research 81 (2018): 77–91.

113

Набор данных “Разнообразие в лицах”, опубликованный 29 января 2019 года. См. John R. Smith, “IBM Research Releases ‘Diversity in Faces’ Dataset to Advance Study of Fairness in Facial Recognition Systems”, IBM, January 29, 2019, www.ibm.com/blogs/research/2019/01/diversity-in-faces.

114

Steve Lohr, “Facial Recognition Is Accurate, if You’re a White Guy”, New York Times, February 9, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/02/09/technology/facial-recognition-race-artificial-intelligence.html.

115

Patrick Grother, Mei Ngan, Kayee Hanaoka, “Ongoing Face Recognition Vendor Test (FRVT). Part 2: Identification”, NIST Interagency/Internal Report (NISTIR) 8238, National Institute of Standards and Technology, November 2018, https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ir/2018/NIST.IR.8238.pdf.

116

Patrick Grother, Mei Ngan, and Kayee Hanaoka, “Face Recognition Vendor Test (FRVT). Part 3: Demographic Effects”, NIST Interagency/Internal Report (NISTIR) 8280, National Institute of Standards and Technology, December 2019, https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ir/2019/NIST.IR.8280.pdf.

117

“Using Facial Recognition Systems”, Washington County Sheriff’s Office (Oregon), Policy #808-R03, effective January 4, 2019, www.co.washington.or.us/Sheriff/Policies/800/upload/808-R03-FINAL-Using-Facial-Recognition-Systems-01-04-19.pdf.

118

James O’Neill, “How Facial Recognition Makes You Safer”, New York Times, June 9, 2019; “Patrol Guide”, New York City Police Department, March 12, 2020, www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/nypd-facial-recognition-patrol-guide.pdf.

119

Принадлежит Мете, которая признана экстремистской на территории РФ.

120

Clare Garvie, “Garbage In, Garbage Out: Facial Recognition on Flawed Data”, Georgetown Law, Center on Privacy and Technology, May 16, 2019, www.flawedface data.com.

121

Drew Harwell, “FBI, ICE Find State Driver’s License Photos Are a Gold Mine for Facial-Recognition Searches”, Washington Post, July 7, 2019, www.wash- ingtonpost.com/technology/2019/07/07/fbi-ice-find-state-drivers-license-photos-are-gold-mine-facial-recognition-searches.

122

Drew Harwell, Erin Cox, “ICE Has Run Facial-Recognition Searches on Millions of Maryland Drivers”, Washington Post, February 26, 2020, www.washington post.com/technology/2020/02/26/ice-has-run-facial-recognition-searches-millions-maryland-drivers.

123

Можно перевести как Вечная шеренга для опознания. – Прим. пер.

124

Clare Garvie, Alvaro Bedoya, Jonathan Frankle, “The Perpetual Line-Up: Unregulated Police Face Recognition in America”, Georgetown Law, Center on Privacy and Technology, October 18, 2016, www.perpetuallineup.org.

125

“In Your Face: China’s All-Seeing State”, BBC, December 10, 2017, www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-china-42248056/in-your-face-china-s-all-seeing-state.

126

Clare Garvie, Laura M. Moy, “America Under Watch: Face Surveillance in the United States”, Georgetown Law, Center on Privacy and Technology, May 16, 2019, www.americaunderwatch.com.

127

Dave Gershgorn, “Exclusive: Live Facial-Recognition Is Coming to U. S. Police Body Cameras”, OneZero, March 4, 2020, https://onezero.medium.com/exclusive-live-facial-recognition-is-coming-to-u-s-police-body-cameras-bc9036918ae0.

128

Директива 307.5 отдела полиции Детройта, одобренная 12 сентября 2019 г.

129

Allie Gross, Ross Jones, “New Rules over Facial Recognition Approved, but Distrust and Confusion Remain”, WXYS News, September 20, 2019, www.wxyz.com/news/local-news/investigations/new-rules-over-facial-recognition-approved-but-distrust-and-confusion-remain.

130

Принадлежит Мете, которая признана экстремистской на территории РФ.

131

Дело Патель против Facebook[19], Inc., № 18–15982 (9 декабря 2019 года).

132

Нейтральный номер ссылки: [2019] EWHC 2341 (Admin), дело №: CO/4085/2018, решение принято 4 сентября 2019 года.

133

Дело Карпентер против Соединенных Штатов, № 16–402, 585 U.S. ____ (2018).

134

Matt Cagle, Nicole Ozer, “Amazon Teams Up with Government to Deploy Dangerous New Facial Recognition Technology”, American Civil Liberties Union, May 22, 2018, www.aclu.org/blog/privacy-technology/surveillance-technologies/amazon-teams-government-deploy-dangerous-new.

135

Michael Punke, “Some Thoughts on Facial Recognition Legislation”, AWS Machine Learning Blog, February 7, 2019, https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/machine-learning/some-thoughts-on-facial-recognition-legislation.

136

“First Report of the Axon AI & Policing Technology Ethics Board”, June 2019, https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58a33e881b631bc60d4f8b31/t/5d13d7e1990c4f00014c0aeb/1561581540954/Axon_Ethics_Board_First_Report.pdf.

137

Robin Emmott, “Mexico’s Ciudad Juarez, the World’s Most Violent City?” Reuters, August 28, 2009, http://blogs.reuters.com/global/2009/08/28/violent-ciudad-juarez.

138

Таблица 1. Количество, процент и общий показатель убийств в разбивке по полу, расе / этнической принадлежности и возрастной группе – National Vital Statistics System, United States, 2007 and 2009, // Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, “Homicides – United States, 2007 and 2009”, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Supplements 62, no. 3 (November 22, 2013), www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6203a28.htm#Tab1; Francesca Mirabile, Daniel Nass, “What’s the Homicide Capital of America? Murder Rates in U. S. Cities, Ranked”, The Trace, October 1, 2019, www.thetrace.org/2018/04/highest-murder-rates-us-cities-list.

139

Эти биографические подробности и большая часть последующего обсуждения взяты из моего разговора с Россом Макнаттом.

140

Sarah Ryley, Jeremy Singer-Vine, Sean Campbell, “Shoot Someone in a Major City, and Odds Are You’ll Get Away with It”, The Trace, January 24, 2019, www.thetrace.org/features/murder-solve-rate-gun-violence-baltimore-shootings.

141

Dan Gettinger, “Public Safety Drones, 3rd ed.”, Center for the Study of the Drone at Bard College, March 2020, https://dronecenter.bard.edu/files/2020/03/CSD-Public-Safety-Drones-3rd-Edition-Web.pdf.

142

Федеральные авиационные правила, 14 CFR. Часть 107 – Малые беспилотные авиационные системы.

143

Дело Флорида против Райли, 488 U.S. 445 (1989).

144

Дело Калифорния против Чираоло, 476, U.S. 207 (1986).

145

Дело Соединенные Штаты против Коусби, 328 U.S. 256 (1946).

146

Я присутствовал на этой конференции и видел выступление Фрейзера.

147

Maria Valdovinos,