68 (2019). P. 1–75; Xu J. et al. Mortality in the United States, 2018. NCHS Data Brief No. 355. 2020. January.

418

Starr C. Social benefit versus technological risk. Единица измерения риска микроморт, предложенная в 1989 г. Рональдом Ховардом, использовалась во многих работах Дэвида Шпигельхалтера: Howard R. A. Microrisks for medical decision analysis // International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care. 1989. 5/3. P. 357–370; Blastland M. and Spiegelhalter D. The Norm Chronicles: Stories and Numbers about Danger and Death. N. Y.: Basic Books, 2014.

419

ООН, World Mortality 2019. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/mortality/WMR-2019/WorldMortality2019DataBooklet.pdf

420

Центры по контролю и профилактике заболеваний США (CDC). Heart disease facts // https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/facts.htm; Jones D. S. and Greene J. A. The decline and rise of coronary heart disease // Public Health Then and Now. 2014. 103. P. 10207–10218; Haagsma J. A. et al. The global burden of injury: incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years and time trends from the Global Burden of Disease study 2013 // Injury Prevention. 2015. 22/1. P. 3–16.

421

Всемирная ассоциация здравоохранения. Falls (January 2018). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/falls

422

Статистическая служба Канады: Statistics Canada. Deaths and mortality rates, by age group (по состоянию на 2020 г.). https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1310071001&pickMemberspercent5B-0percent5D=1.1&pickMemberspercent5B-1percent5D=3.1

423

Kohn L. T. et al. To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System. ashington, DC: National Academies Press, 1999.

424

Makary M. and Daniel M. Medical error — the third leading cause of death in the US // British Medical Journal. 2016. 353. i2139.

425

Shojania K. G. and Dixon-Woods M. Estimating deaths due to medical error: the ongoing controversy and why it matters // British Medical Journal Quality and Safety. 2017. 26. P. 423–428.

426

Sunshine J. E. et al. Association of adverse effects of medical treatment with mortality in the United States // JAMA Network Open. 2019. 2/1. e187041.

427

В 2016 г. в США было зарегистрировано 35,7 миллиона госпитализаций со средним временем пребывания в больнице 4,6 дня. См.: Freeman W. J. et al. Overview of U. S. hospital stays in 2016: Variation by geographic region. 2018. December. https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb246-Geographic-VariationHospital-Stays.jsp

428

Bureau of Transportation Statistics. U. S. Vehicle-miles (2019), https://www.bts.gov/content/us-vehicle-miles

429

Sehgal A. R. Lifetime risk of death from firearm injuries, drug overdoses, and motor vehicle accidents in the United States. American Journal of Medicine 133/10. 2020. October. P. 1162–1167.

430

World Health Rankings. Road traffic accidents (по состоянию на 2020 г.), https://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/cause-of-death/road-trafficaccidents/by-country/

431

Загадку рейса Malaysia Airlines 370, возможно, так и не удастся разрешить. Высказывались разные предположения, но ключ к ней может дать только случайная находка. Расследование двух катастроф Boeing 737 MAX (жертвами которых стали 346 человек) выявило недостатки в производстве этого популярного самолета, а также в инструкциях по его эксплуатации.

432

Международная организация гражданской авиации: International Civil Aviation Organization, State of Global Aviation Safety. Montreal: ICAO, 2020.

433

Soreide K. et al. How dangerous is BASE jumping? An analysis of adverse events in 20 850 jumps from the Kjerag Massif, Norway // Trauma. 2007. 62/5. P. 1113–1117.

434

Парашютная ассоциация США, United States Parachute Association. Skydiving safety (по состоянию на 2020 г.). https://uspa.org/Find/FAQs/Safety

435

Ассоциация дельтапланеризма и парапланеризма США: US Hang Gliding & Paragliding Association. Fatalities (по состоянию на 2020 г.). https://www.ushpa.org/page/fatalities

436

National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, American Deaths in Terrorist Attacks 1995–2017. 2018. September.

437

National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, Trends in Global Terrorism: Islamic State’s Decline in Iraq and Expanding Global Impact; Fewer Mass Casualty Attacks in Western Europe; Number of Attacks in the United States Highest since 1980s. 2019. October.

438

Подробное описание опасности землетрясений на Западном побережье см.: Yeats R. S. Living with Earthquakes in California. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press, 2001. Последствия землетрясений на Западном побережье по другую сторону Тихого океана см.: Atwater B. F. The Orphan Tsunami of 1700. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2005.

439

Agee E. and Taylor L. Historical analysis of U. S. tornado fatalities (1808–2017): Population, science, and technology // Weather, Climate and Society. 2019. 11. P. 355–368.

440

Samuels R. J. 3.11: Disaster and Change in Japan. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2013; Santiago-Fandiño V. et al., eds. The 2011 Japan Earthquake and Tsunami: Reconstruction and Restoration, Insights and Assessment after 5 Years. Berlin: Springer, 2018.

441

Rappaport E. N. Fatalities in the United States from Atlantic tropical cyclones: New data and interpretation // Bulletin of American Meteorological Society 1014. 2014. March. P. 341–346.

442

Национальная метеорологическая служба США: National Weather Service. How dangerous is lightning? (по состоянию на 2020 г.). https://www.weather.gov/safety/lightningodds; Holle R. L. et al. Seasonal, monthly, and weekly distributions of NLDN and GLD 360 cloud-to-ground lightning // Monthly Weather Review. 2016. 144. P. 2855–2870.

443

Munich Re. Topics. Annual Review: Natural Catastrophes 2002. Munich: Munich Re, 2003; Löw P. Tropical cyclones cause highest losses: Natural disasters of 2019 in figures // Munich Re. 2020. January. https://www.munichre.com/topics-online/en/climatechange-and-naturaldisasters/natural-disasters/natural-disasters-of2019-in-figures-tropical-cyclones-cause-highest-losses.html

444

Unsalan O. et al. Earliest evidence of a death and injury by a meteorite // Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 2020. P. 1–9.

445

National Research Council, Near-Earth Object Surveys and Hazard Mitigation Strategies: Interim Report. Washington, DC: NRC, 2009; Khan M. A. R. Meteorites // Nature. 1935. 136/1030. P. 607.

446

Finkelman D. The dilemma of space debris // American Scientist. 2014. 102/1. P. 26–33.

447

Mobberley M. Supernovae and How to Observe Them. N. Y.: Springer, 2007.