et al., “Subclass Profile of IgG Antibody Response to Gluten Differentiates Nonceliac Gluten Sensitivity from Celiac Disease”, Gastroenterology 159, no. 5 (2020).

повышается в той же степени: Uhde et al., “Intestinal Cell Damage and Systemic Immune Activation”.

сопряжено с определенными минусами для нашего иммунного здоровья: Jo Robinson, Eating on the Wild Side: The Missing Link to Optimum Health (New York: Little, Brown, 2013).

как пишет британский философ А. К. Грейлинг: A. C. Grayling, The Reason of Things: Living with Philosophy (London: Phoenix, 2007).

Глава 15. Лечебная грязь

«старше истории, старше традиции»: Mark Twain, Following the Equator: A Journey around the World (New York: Dover Publications, 1897; repr., 1989).

считал ее «водой бессмертия»: Richard Garbe, Akbar, Emperor of India: A Picture of Life and Customs from the Sixteenth Century, trans. Lydia Gillingham Robinson (Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Company, 1909).

Листер стал пионером антисептической хирургии: Lindsey Fitzharris, The Butchering Art: Joseph Lister’s Quest to Transform the Grisly World of Victorian Medicine (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2017).

«низшая жизнь повсеместно проникает в высшую»: Nancy Tomes, “The Private Side of Public Health: Sanitary Science, Domestic Hygiene, and the Germ Theory, 1870–1900”, Bulletin of the History of Medicine 64, no. 4 (1990).

в один судьбоносный осенний день: Eric Lax, The Mold in Dr. Florey’s Coat: The Story of Penicillin and the Modern Age of Medical Miracles (New York: Henry Holt, 2004).

плод подвергается воздействию: Andrew J. Macpherson, Mercedes Gomez de Agüero, and Stephanie C. Ganal-Vonarburg, “How Nutrition and the Maternal Microbiota Shape the Neonatal Immune System”, Nature Reviews Immunology 17, no. 8 (Aug. 1, 2017).

другие с этим не согласны: Graham Rook et al., “Evolution, Human-Microbe Interactions, and Life History Plasticity”, Lancet 390 (July 29, 2017).

знаменитую «гигиеническую гипотезу»: David P. Strachan, “Hay Fever, Hygiene, and Household Size”, British Medical Journal 299, no. 6710 (1989).

«не имеет очевидной пользы ни для биологического выживания»: Dr. Lagerspetz makes this comment in reference to Sigmund Freud’s views. Olli Lagerspetz, A Philosophy of Dirt (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018).

в первые дни и годы жизни: F. Shanahan, T. S. Ghosh, and P. W. O’Toole, “The Healthy Microbiome – What Is the Definition of a Healthy Gut Microbiome?”, Gastroenterology 160, no. 2 (Jan. 2021); Mirae Lee and Eugene B. Chang, “Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) and the Microbiome – Searching the Crime Scene for Clues”, Gastroenterology 160, no. 2 (Jan. 1, 2021).

подвергаются воздействию большего количества микробов: Thomas W. McDade, “Early Environments and the Ecology of Inflammation”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, Suppl. 2 (2012); Thomas W. McDade et al., “Early Origins of Inflammation: Microbial Exposures in Infancy Predict Lower Levels of C-Reactive Protein in Adulthood”, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1684 (2010).

рассмотрел новую гипотезу: Graham A. W. Rook, “Hygiene Hypothesis and Autoimmune Diseases”, Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 42 (2012).

удовлетворить глубокую, гнетущую жажду одиночества: Michael Finkel, The Stranger in the Woods: The Extraordinary Story of the Last True Hermit (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2017).

снижает риск развития аллергии и астмы: Bill Hesselmar et al., “Pet-Keeping in Early Life Reduces the Risk of Allergy in a Dose-Dependent Fashion”, PLOS ONE13, no. 12 (2018); Tove Fall et al., “Early Exposure to Dogs and Farm Animals and the Risk of Childhood Asthma”, JAMA Pediatrics 169, no. 11 (2015).

то имитировать традиционную фермерскую среду: Michelle M. Stein et al., “Innate Immunity and Asthma Risk in Amish and Hutterite Farm Children”, New England Journal of Medicine 375, no. 5 (Aug. 4, 2016).

астму, различные виды аллергии и аутоиммунных расстройств: Michael Elten et al., “Residential Greenspace in Childhood Reduces Risk of Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study”, American Journal of Gastroenterology 116, no. 2 (2021).

также и определяют его: Eileen Crist and Alfred I. Tauber, “Selfhood, Immunity, and the Biological Imagination: The Thought of Frank Macfarlane Burnet”, Biology and Philosophy 15 (1999); Alfred I. Tauber, “Moving Beyond the Immune Self?”, Seminars in Immunology 12 (2000).

расширил общепринятый взгляд: F. Macfarlane Burnet, Biological Aspects of Infectious Disease (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1940); F. Macfarlane Burnet, The Virus as Organism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1946).

как утверждает философ Альфред Таубер, недостаточно: Tauber, “Moving Beyond the Immune Self?”.

Глава 16. Остров Пасхи

опубликовали работу: Michel Poulain et al., “Identification of a Geographic Area Characterized by Extreme Longevity in the Sardinia Island: The AKEA Study”, Experimental Gerontology 39, no. 9 (Sept. 1, 2004).

задался целью определить: Dan Buettner, email to author, May 2021.

Голодание позволяет замедлить старение: См., например: Rafael de Cabo and Mark P. Mattson, “Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Health, Aging, and Disease”, New England Journal of Medicine 381, no. 26 (Dec. 26, 2019); Elizabeth F. Sutton et al., “Early Time-Restricted Feeding Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Blood Pressure, and Oxidative Stress Even without Weight Loss in Men with Prediabetes”, Cell Metabolism 27, no. 6 (June 5, 2018); Michael J. Wilkinson et al., “Ten-Hour Time-Restricted Eating Reduces Weight, Blood Pressure, and Atherogenic Lipids in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome”, Cell Metabolism 31, no. 1 (2020); Adrienne R Barnosky et al., “Intermittent Fasting vs Daily Calorie Restriction for Type 2 Diabetes Prevention: A Review of Human Findings”, Translational Research: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 164, no. 4 (Oct. 2014).

начинают идти на спад: Chia-Wei Cheng et al., “Prolonged Fasting Reduces IGF1/PKA to Promote Hematopoietic-Stem-Cell-Based Regeneration and Reverse Immunosuppression”, Cell Stem Cell 14, no. 6 (June 5, 2014).

в том числе подавляя воспалительное поведение макрофагов: Stefan Jordan et al., “Dietary Intake Regulates the Circulating Inflammatory Monocyte Pool”, Cell 178, no. 5 (2019).

на людях разных возрастных групп: Jeffrey A. Woods et al., “Exercise, Inflammation and Aging”, Aging and Disease 3, no. 1 (2012); Kaleen M. Lavin et al., “Effects of Aging and Lifelong Aerobic Exercise on Basal and Exercise-Induced Inflammation”, Journal of Applied Physiology 128, no. 1 (Jan. 2020).

подавляют хроническое низкоуровневое воспаление: См., например: Stoyan Dimitrov, Elaine Hulteng, and Suzi Hong, “Inflammation and Exercise: Inhibition of Monocytic Intracellular TNF Production by Acute Exercise Via