Бэр – биологический эквивалент рентгена, количественно определяет воздействие ионизирующего излучения на здоровье людей. Бэр измеряет эквивалент дозы и рассчитывается с учетом различных факторов, включая поглощенную дозу и вид радиации. Он может использоваться для предсказания биологического воздействия дозы, включая раковые заболевания, вне зависимости от того, вызвано такое воздействие альфа-, бета-, нейтронным, рентгеновским или гамма-излучением. 5 бэр – предельная годовая доза, установленная для работающих в ядерной отрасли в США; 100 бэр – пороговая доза для острой лучевой болезни; одновременная доза в 500 бэр на все тело для большинства людей будет смертельной. Бэр был заменен на стандартизированную международную единицу зиверт и его доли; среди них миллизиверт – тысячная доля зиверта и микрозиверт – одна миллионная зиверта, которые используются для шкалы большинства современных дозиметров. Один зиверт эквивалентен 100 бэр.

The American Presidency Project, hosted by the University of California, Santa Barbara, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/index.php.

Archive of the State Security Service of Ukraine [Галузевий державний архів Служби безпеки України (СБУ)]. Ukraine State Security Service Central Office. Kiev, Ukraine.

Barabanova, Dr. Angelika. Personal archive.

BBC Monitoring Service, Summary of World Broadcasts, daily reports on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.

“Chernobyl, Pripyat: A Bit About Everything” [Чернобыль, Припять: обо всем понемногу]. Chernobyl and Pripyat electronic archive maintained by Alexander Kamayev. Online at http://pripyat-city.ru.

“The Chernobyl Tragedy: The Crime of the Soviet Government” [Чорнобильська трагедія – злочин радянської влади]. Ukrainian Liberation Movement electronic archive: Joint project of Ukrainian Center for Research on the Liberation Movement, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, and National Museum-Memorial of Victims of Occupation Regimes (Prison on Łącki). Online at http://avr.org.ua/index.php/ROZDILY_RES?idUpCat=867.

CIA Records Search Tool (CREST), the Central Intelligence Agency. Online at www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/collection/crest-25-year-program-archive.

Gorbachev Foundation Electronic Archive: Virtual Museum “M.S. Gorbachev. Life and Reforms” [Виртуальный музей “М.С. Горбачев. Жизнь и реформы”]. Online at www.gorby.ru/en/archival/archive_library.

Joint Publication Research Service (JPRS), Chernobyl Nuclear Accident Documents, foreign media monitoring reports produced by the US government’s National Technical Information Service (including CIA, Department of Defense, Department of Energy, Congressional, GAO, and Foreign Press Monitoring Files), released March 2011.

Legasov, Valery. “On the Accident at Chernobyl AES” [Об аварии на Чернобыльской АЭС] aka “Legasov Tapes.” Transcript of five cassette tapes dictated by V. A. Legasov, online at http://lib.web-malina.com/getbook.php?bid=87048.

Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum Electronic Archive: “Daily Diary” (www.reaganlibrary.gov/digital-library/daily-diary) and “Public Papers of the President” (www.reaganlibrary.gov/sspeeches).

Russian State Archive of Contemporary History (RGANI) [Российский государственный архив новейшей истории (РГАНИ)]. Hoover Institution. Microfilm, Fond 89: Communist Party of the Soviet Union on Trial, 1919–1992. Copies held at the Lamont Library: Archive of Contemporary History. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

The Second Russian Revolution (2RR) Collection. Material relating to the documentary film series The Second Russian Revolution (tapes and interview transcripts). Reference no. GB 97 2RR. LSE Library Archive, London.

Sorokin, Yuri. Personal archive.

State Film Archive of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine.

Tarakanov, General Nikolai. Personal archive.

Toptunova, Vera. Personal archive.

Ukrainian National Chernobyl Museum [Национальный музей “Чернобыль”]. Archival documents and materials. Kiev, Ukraine.

Veterans of Rosatom website. www.veteranrosatom.ru.

Wilson Center Digital Archive. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org.

Интервью автора

Должности интервьюируемых приводятся на момент аварии, если не указано иное.

Antoshkin, Nikolai. Major general, chief of staff of the Soviet Air Defense Forces’ Seventeenth Airborne Army, Kiev military district. Moscow. October 21 and 23, 2015; October 13, 2016.

Barabanova, Anzhelika. Chief of radiation burn surgery, clinical department, Hospital Number Six. Moscow, October 14, 2016.

Belyaev, Igor. Head of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Medium Machine Building of the USSR; deputy head of Sredmash US-605, June – November 1986. Moscow, April 17, 2017.

Bocharov, Lev. Deputy chief engineer of the Main Directorate for Design and Capital Construction of the Ministry of Medium Machine Building. Chief engineer of Shift Three, Sredmash US-605, September – December 1986. Moscow, April 14, 2017.

Bolshov, Leonid. Research physicist in the Troitsk branch of the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy; director of the Nuclear Safety Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1988. Moscow, April 15, 2017.

Borovoi, Alexander. Head of the neutrino physics research group, Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy; chief scientist of the Chernobyl Complex Expedition, 1988–2003. Moscow, October 15, 2015.

Breus, Alexey. Senior reactor control engineer, Second shift, Unit Four of Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Kiev, July 11, 2015.

Brukhanov, Viktor (director of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant), and Valentina

Brukhanov (Chernobyl plant heat treatment specialist). Kiev, September 6, 2015, and February 14, 2016.

Champlin, Richard. Chief of bone marrow transplant surgery at UCLA Medical Center.

Telephone, September 21, 2016.

Daniloff, Nicholas. Moscow bureau chief, U.S. News & World Report. Telephone interview, September 26, 2017.

Dodd, Laurin. RBMK reactor expert in Nuclear Systems and Concepts Department, Battelle, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, March 1986 – May 1994; managing director, Shelter Implementation Plan Project Management Unit, Chernobyl nuclear power plant, April 2006 – March 2014. Telephone, May 4, 2018.