19. Основной задействованной структурой мозга является передняя островковая доля. См.: A. D. Craig, “Interoception: The Sense of the Physiological Condition of the Body”, Current Opinion on Neurobiology 13 (2003): 500–5; Critchley, Wiens, Rotshtein, Ohman, and Dolan, 2004; N. A. S. Farb, Z. V. Segal, H. Mayberg, J. Bean, D. McKeon, Z. Fatima, et al., “Attending to the Present: Mindfulness Meditation Reveals Distinct Neural Modes of Self-Reference”, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2 (2007): 313–22.; J. A. Grant, J. Courtemanche, E. G. Duerden, G. H. Duncan, and P. Rainville, “Cortical Tickness and Pain Sensitivity in Zen Meditators”, Emotion 10, no. 1 (2010): 43–53.

20. S. J. Banks, et al., “Amygdala-Frontal Connectivity During Emotion-Regulation”, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2, no. 4 (2007): 303–12. См. также: M. R. Milad, et al., “Tickness of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Humans Is Correlated with Extinction Memory”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102, no. 30 (2005): 10706–11; and S. L. Rauch, L. M. Shin, and E. A. Phelps, “Neurocircuitry Models of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Extinction: Human Neuroimaging Research – Past, Present, and Future”, Biological Psychiatry 60, no. 4 (2006): 376–82.

21. A. Freud and D. T. Burlingham, War and Children (New York: New York University Press, 1943).

22. Люди по-разному справляются с невыносимыми переживаниями: с помощью диссоциации (отключки, отрешенности), деперсонализации (когда такое чувство, что это происходит не с тобой) и дереализации (когда кажется, что происходящее нереально).

23. Мои коллеги из Justice Resource Institute создали лечебную программу для подростков, в которой используются многие обсужденные в этой книги методы лечения травмы, включая йогу, сенсорную интеграцию, нейробиологическую обратную связь и театр. http://www.jri.org/vanderkolk/about. Всеобъемлющая терапевтическая модель – привязанность, саморегуляция и компетенция (ARC) была разработана моими коллегами Маргарет Блаустейн и Кристин Киннебург. Margaret E. Blaustein, and Kristine M. Kinniburgh, Treating Traumatic Stress in Children and Adolescents: How to Foster Resilience Trough Attachment, Self-Regulation, and Competency (New York: Guilford Press, 2012).

24. C. K. Chandler, Animal Assisted Therapy in Counseling (New York: Routledge, 2011). См. также: A. J. Cleveland, “Therapy Dogs and the Dissociative Patient: Preliminary Observations”, Dissociation 8, no. 4 (1995): 247–52; and A. Fine, Handbook on Animal Assisted Therapy: Theoretical Foundations and Guidelines for Practice (San Diego: Academic Press, 2010).

25. E. Warner, et al., “Can the Body Change the Score? Application of Sensory Modulation Principles in the Treatment of Traumatized Adolescents in Residential Settings”, Journal of Family Violence 28, no. 7 (2013): 729–38. См. также: A. J. Ayres, Sensory Integration and Learning Disorders (Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services, 1972); H. Hodgdon, et al., “Development and Implementation of Trauma-Informed Programming in Residential Schools Using the ARC Framework”, Journal of Family Violence 27, no. 8 (2013); J. LeBel, et al., “Integrating Sensory and Trauma-Informed Interventions: A Massachusetts State Initiative, Part 1”, Mental Health Special Interest Section Quarterly 33, no. 1 (2010): 1–4.

26. Казалось, они активировали вестибулярно-мозжечковую систему мозга, которая, судя по всему, задействована в саморегуляции и может быть повреждена пренебрежительным отношением в раннем детстве.

27. Aaron R. Lyon and Karen S. Budd, “A Community Mental Health Implementation of Parent – Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)”, Journal of Child and Family Studies 19, no. 5 (2010): 654–68. См. также: Anthony J. Urquiza and Cheryl Bodiford McNeil, “Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: An Intensive Dyadic Intervention for Physically Abusive Families”, Child Maltreatment 1, no 2 (1996): 134–44; J. Borrego Jr., et al. “Research Publications”, Child and Family Behavior Therapy 20: 27–54.

28. B. A. van der Kolk, et al., “Fluoxetine in Post Traumatic Stress”, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (1994): 517–22.

29. P. Ogden, K. Minton, and C. Pain, Trauma and the Body (New York: Norton, 2010); P. Ogden and J. Fisher, Sensorimotor Psychotherapy: Interventions for Trauma and Attachment (New York: Norton, 2014).

30. P. Levine, In an Unspoken Voice (Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books); P. Levine, Waking the Tiger (Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books).

31. Подробнее об этой методике читайте по ссылке: http://modelmugging.org/.

32. S. Freud, Remembering, Repeating, and Working Trough (Further Recommendations on the Technique of Psychoanalysis II), standard ed. (London: Hogarth Press, 1914), p. 371.

33. E. Santini, R. U. Muller, and G. J. Quirk, “Consolidation of Extinction Learning Involves Transfer from NMDA-Independent to NMDA-Dependent Memory”, Journal of Neuroscience 21 (2001): 9009–17.

34. E. B. Foa and M. J. Kozak, “Emotional Processing of Fear: Exposure to Corrective Information”, Psychological Bulletin 99, no. 1 (1986): 20–35.

35. C. R. Brewin, “Implications for Psychological Intervention”, in Neuropsychology of PTSD: Biological, Cognitive, and Clinical Perspectives, ed. J. J. Vasterling and C. R. Brewin (New York: Guilford, 2005), 272.

36. T. M. Keane, “The Role of Exposure Therapy in the Psychological Treatment of PTSD”, National Center for PTSD Clinical Quarterly 5, no. 4 (1995): 1–6.

37. E. B. Foa and R. J. McNally, “Mechanisms of Change in Exposure Therapy”, in Current Controversies in the Anxiety Disorders, ed. R. M. Rapee (New York: Guilford, 1996), 329–43.

38. J. D. Ford and P. Kidd, “Early Childhood Trauma and Disorders of Extreme Stress as Predictors of Treatment Outcome with Chronic PTSD”, Journal of Traumatic Stress 18 (1998): 743–61. См. также: A. McDonagh-Coyle, et al., “Randomized Trial of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adult Female Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse”, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 73, no. 3 (2005): 515–24; Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Assessment of the Evidence (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2008); and R. Bradley, et al., “A Multidimensional Meta-Analysis of Psychotherapy for PTSD”, American Journal of Psychiatry 162, no. 2 (2005): 214–27.

39. J. Bisson, et al., “Psychological Treatments for Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”, British Journal of Psychiatry 190 (2007): 97–104. См. также: L. H. Jaycox, E. B. Foa, and A. R. Morrall, “Influence of Emotional Engagement and Habituation on Exposure Therapy for PTSD”, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66 (1998): 185–92.