Power, Thomas G., and M. Lynn Chapieski. “Childrearing and Impulse Control in Toddlers: A Naturalistic Investigation.” Developmental Psychology 22 (1986): 271–275.

Premack, David. “Toward Empirical Behavior Laws. I. Positive Reinforcement.” Psychological Review 66 (1959): 219–233.

Pretty, Grace H., and Clive Seligman. “Affect and the Overjustification Effect.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46 (1984): 1241–1253.

Pritchard, Robert D., Kathleen M. Campbell, and Donald J. Campbell. “Effects of Extrinsic Financial Rewards on Intrinsic Motivation.” Journal of Applied Psychology 61 (1977): 9–15.

Quattrone, George A. “On the Congruity Between Internal States and Action.” Psychological Bulletin 98 (1985): 3–40.

Quick, Sue Smith. “Good as Gold.” Clearing House, February 1990: 264.

Rachlin, Howard. Introduction to Modern Behaviorism. 3d ed. New York: Freeman, 1991.

Raina, M. K. “A Study into the Effect of Competition on Creativity.” Gifted Child Quarterly 12 (1968): 217–220.

Rainey, Robert G. “The Effects of Directed Versus Non-Directed Laboratory Work on High School Chemistry Achievement.” Journal of Research in Science Teaching 3 (1965): 286–292.

Raspberry, William. “Chump Change.” Washington Post, 18 May 1990: A19.

Ravitch, Diane. The Great School Wars: New York Gty, 1805–1973. New York: Basic Books, 1974.

Reader, Mark J., and Stephen J. Dollinger. “Deadlines, Self-Perceptions, and Intrinsic Motivation.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 8 (1982): 742–747.

Redling, Edward T. “Myth vs. Reality: The Relationship Between Top Executive Pay and Corporate Performance.” Compensation Review 13 (1981): 16–24.

Reid, William J., and Cynthia Bailey-Dempsey. “The Effects of Monetary Incentives on School Performance.” Families in Society 16 (1995): 331–340.

Reiss, Steven, and Leonard W. Sushinsky. “Overjustification, Competing Responses, and the Acquisition of Intrinsic Interest.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31 (1975): 1116–1125.

Render, Gary F., Je Nell M. Padilla, and H. Mark Krank. “What Research Really Shows About Assertive Discipline.” Educational Leadership, March 1989: 72–75.

Rich, Jude T., and John A. Larson. “Why Some Long-Term Incentives Fail.” In Incentives, Cooperation, and Risk Sharing, edited by Haig R. Nalbantian. Totowa, N.J.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1987.

Roane, Kit R. “Money Can Help, But It Can Hurt, Too.” New York Times, 12 July 1998:18.

Robison, Jonathan I. “To Reward?… Or Not to Reward?: Questioning the Wisdom of Using External Reinforcement in Health Promotion Programs.” American Journal of Health Promotion, September/October 1998: 1–3.

Rodin, Judith, and Ellen J. Langer. “Long-Term Effects of a Control-Relevant Intervention with the Institutionalized Aged.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35 (1977): 897–902.

Roemer, Joan. “Stars and Bribes Forever.” Parenting, October 1992: 58, 61.

Rogers, Brenda T. “Cognitive Evaluation Theory: The Effects of External Rewards on Intrinsic Motivation of Gifted Students.” Roeper Review 7 (1985): 257–260.

Rogers, Carl R., and B. F. Skinner. “Some Issues Concerning the Control of Human Behavior: A Symposium.” Science VIA (1956): 1057–1066.

Rollins, Thomas. “Pay for Performance: The Pros and Cons.” Personnel Journal, June 1987: 104–111.

Rosemond, John. “When Good Praise Is Bad.” Better Homes and Gardens, August 1990: 39.

Rosen, Ned. Teamwork and the Bottom Line: Groups Make a Difference. Hills-dale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1989.

Rosenfield, David, Robert Folger, and Harold F. Adelman. “When Rewards Reflect Competence: A Qualification of the Over justification Effect.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39 (1980): 368–376.

Rosenholtz, Susan J., and Carl Simpson. “The Formation of Ability Conceptions: Developmental Trend or Social Construction?” Review of Educational Research 54 (1984): 31–63.

Ross, Ian Campbell. “Role Specialization in Supervision.” Dissertation Abstracts 17, 11 (1957): 2701–2702.

Ross, Michael. “Salience of Reward and Intrinsic Motivation.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32 (1975): 245–254.

Rothe, Harold F. “Output Rates Among Welders: Productivity and Consistency Following Removal of a Financial Incentive System.” Journal of Applied Psychology 54 (1970): 549–551.

Rotter, Julie Ann. “The Effects of Contingency Usage in a Familiar Food Setting on Young Children’s Subsequent Food Preferences.” M.S. thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 1982.

Rowe, Mary Budd. “Relation of Wait-Time and Rewards to the Development of Language, Logic, and Fate Control: Part II – Rewards.” Journal of Research in Science Teaching 11 (1974): 291–308.

Rubin, Zick, and Anne Peplau. “Belief in a Just World and Reactions to Another’s Lot: A Study of Participants in the National Draft Lottery.” Journal of Social Issues 29 (1973): 73–93.

Rubin, Zick, and Anne Peplau. “Who Believes in a Just World?” Journal of Social Issues 31 (1975): 65–89.

Ryan, Richard M. “Control and Information in the Intrapersonal Sphere: An Extension of Cognitive Evaluation Theory.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 43 (1982): 450–461.

Ryan, Richard M., James P. Connell, and Edward L. Deci. “A Motivational Analysis of Self-Determination and Self-Regulation in Education.” In Research on Motivation in Education, vol. 2: The Classroom Milieu, edited by Carole Ames and Russell Ames. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1985.

Ryan, Richard M., James P. Connell, and Wendy S. Grolnick. “When Achievement Is Not Intrinsically Motivated: A Theory of Internalization and Self-Regulation in School.” In Achievement and Motivation: A Social-Developmental Perspective, edited by Ann K. Boggiano and Thane S. Pittman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Ryan, Richard M., and Wendy S. Grolnick. “Origins and Pawns in the Classroom: Self-Report and Projective Assessments of Individual Differences in Children’s Perceptions.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50 (1986): 550–558.

Ryan, Richard M., Richard Koestner, and Edward L. Deci. “Ego-Involved Persistence: When Free-Choice Behavior Is Not Intrinsically Motivated.” Motivation and Emotion 15 (1991): 185–205.

Ryan, Richard M., Valerie Mims, and Richard Koestner. “Relation of Reward Contingency and Interpersonal Context to Intrinsic Motivation: A Review and Test Using Cognitive Evaluation Theory.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45 (1983): 736–750.