39 Hirofumi Hirakawa and Yu Nagasaka, “Evidence for Ussurian Tube-Nosed Bats (Murina ussuriensis) Hibernating in Snow,” Scientifi c Reports 8, no. 12047 (2018).

40 Committee on Recently Extinct Organisms, American Museum for Natural History, http://creo.amnh.org.

41 John F. Nunn, Ancient Egyptian Medicine (London: British Museum Press, 1996), 54.

42 R.K. French, “The Thorax in History 1: From Ancient Times to Aristotle,” Thorax 33 (February 1978): 10–18.

43 French, “Thorax,” 11.

44 Bruno Halioua, Bernard Ziskind, and M.B. DeBevoise, Medicine in the Days of the Pharaohs (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2005), 100.

45 Aortic Aneurysms: The Silent Killer,” UNC Health Talk, February 20, 2014, https://healthtalk.unchealthcare.org/aneurysms-the-silent-killer/.

46 Nunn, Ancient Egyptian Medicine, 85.

47 Nunn, 55.

48 French, 14.

49 French, 16.

50 H. von Staden, “The Discovery of the Body: Human Dissection and Its Cultural Contexts in Ancient Greece,” Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 65 (1992): 223–241.

51 von Staden, “Human Dissection,” 224.

52 “Lustration,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/lustration.

53 von Staden, 225–226.

54 von Staden, 227.

55 Nunn, 11.

56 F.P. Moog and A. Karenberg. “Between Horror and Hope: Gladiator’s Blood as a Cure for Epileptics in Ancient Medicine,” Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 12, no. 2 (2003), 137–143.

57 Pierre de Brantôme, Lives of Fair and Gallant Ladies, trans. A.R. Allinson (Paris: Carrington, 1902).

58 David M. Morens, “Death of a President,” New England Journal of Medicine 341, no. 24 (December 9, 1999): 1845–1849.

59 Amelia Soth, “Why Did the Victorians Harbor Warm Feelings for Leeches?” JSTOR Daily, April 18, 2019, https://daily.jstor.org/why-did-the-victorians-harbor-warm-feelings-for-leeches/

60 Sarvesh Kumar Singh and Kshipra Rajoria, “Medical Leech Therapy in Ayurveda and Biomedicine – A Review,” Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine (January 29, 2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2018.09.003

61 John B. West, “Ibn al-Nafi s, the Pulmonary Circulation, and the Islamic Golden Age,” Journal of Applied Physiology 105, no. 6 (2008): 1877–1880.

62 S.I. Haddad and A.A. Khairallah, “A Forgotten Chapter in the History of the Circulation of Blood,” Annals of Surgery 104, no. 1 (July 1936): 5.

63 West, “Ibn al-Nafi s.”

64 West.

65 West.

66 “Michael Servetus,” New World Encyclopedia, http://www.newworldency-clopedia.org/entry/Michael_Servetus.

67 M. Akmal, M. Zulkifl e, and A.H. Ansari. “Ibn Nafi s – a Forgotten Genius in the Discovery of Pulmonary Blood Circulation,” Heart Views 11, no. 1 (March– May 2010): 26–30.

68 Arnold M. Katz, “Knowledge of Circulation Before William Harvey,” Circulation XV (May 1957), https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/01. CIR.15.5.726.

69 C. D. O’Malley, Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514–1564 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964).

70 Michael J. North, “The Death of Andreas Vesalius,” Circulating Now: From the Historical Collections of the National Library of Medicine, October 15, 2014, https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/10/15/the-death-of-andreas-ves-alius/.

71 G. Eknoyan and N.G. DeSanto, “Realdo Colombo (1516–1559): A Reappraisal,” American Journal of Nephrology 17, no. 3–4 (December 31, 1996): 265.

72 M.T. Walton, “The First Blood Transfusion: French or English?” Medical History 18, no. 4 (October 1974): 360–364.

73 S.C. Oré, “Études historiques et physiologiques sur la transfusion du sang,” Paris, 1876; Villari, “La storia di Girolamo Savonarola, Firenze,” 1859, 14; J. C.L. Simonde de Sismondi, “Histoire des républiques italiennes du moyen âge,” Paris, 1840, vol. VII, 289.

74 A. Matthew Gottlieb, “History of the First Blood Transfusion,” Transfusion Medicine Reviews V, no. 3 (July 1991): 228–235.

75 G.A. Lindeboom, “The Story of a Blood Transfusion to a Pope,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 9, no. 4 (October 1954): 456.

76 Lindeboom, “Blood Transfusion.”

77 Lindeboom, 457.

78 Frank B. Berry and H. Stoddert Parker, “Sir Christopher Wren: Compleat Philosopher,” Journal of the American Medical Association 181, no. 9 (September 1, 1962).

79 Марло К. Сочинения. М.: Государственное издательство художественной литературы, 1961.

80 Kat Eschner, “350 Years Ago, a Doctor Performed the First Human Blood Transfusion. A Sheep Was Involved,” Smithsonian, June 15, 2017, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/350-years-ago-doctor-performed-first-human-blood-transfusion-sheep-was-involved-180963631/

81 Cyrus C. Sturgis, “The History of Blood Transfusion,” Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 30, no. 2 (January 1942):107.

82 Berry and Stoddert Parker, “Christopher Wren,” 119.

83 Samuel Pepys, The Diary of Samuel Pepys, November 30, 1667, https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/1667/11/30/.

84 Samuel Pepys, Diary of Samuel Pepys, November 21, 1667, https://www.pep-ysdiary.com/diary/1667/11/21/.

85 Edmund King, “An Account of the Experiment of Transfusion, Practiced upon a Man in London,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (December 9, 1667). https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/arthur-coga-s-blood-transfusion-1667

86 H.A. Oberman, “Early History of Blood Substitutes: Transfusion of Milk,” Transfusion 9, no. 2 (March – April 1969): 74–77.

87 Austin Meldon, “Intravenous Injection of Milk,” British Medical Journal 1 (February 12, 1881): 228.

88 Meldon, “Injection of Milk.”

89 Meldon.

90 Meldon.

91 Rebecca Kreston. “The Origins of Intravenous Fluids,” Discover, May 31, 2016, https://www.discovermagazine.com/health/the-origins-of-intravenous-fluids.

92 “Intravenous Fluids.”