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116

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117

Там же.

118

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119

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121

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122

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123

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124

Там же.

125

Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts, «A logical calculus of ideas immanent in nervous activity,» Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, volume 5, issue 4, pp. 115–133 (December 1943).

126

Martin Ford, Interview with Ray Kurzweil, in Architects of Intelligence: The Truth about AI from the People Building It, Packt Publishing, 2018, p. 228.

127

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Ford, Interview with Yann LeCun, in Architects of Intelligence, p. 122.

129

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131

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133

Электронное письмо Юргена Шмидхубера Мартину Форду, 28 января 2019 года.

134

А. Г. Ивахненко (1913–2007) — советский ученый в области систем управления, заслуженный деятель науки УССР. — Прим. пер.

135

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Cade Metz, «Why A. I. researchers at Google got desks next to the boss,» New York Times, February 19, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/02/19/technology/ai-researchers-desks-boss.html.

139

Ежедневный американский комикс-долгожитель (выходил с 1950 по 2000 год) и одноименный мультсериал (с 1965 года), где персонажи прорисовывались очень примитивно. — Прим. пер.

140

Martin Ford, Interview with Geoffrey Hinton, in Architects of Intelligence: The Truth about AI from the People Building It, Packt Publishing, 2018, pp. 72–73.

141

Matt Reynolds, «New computer vision challenge wants to teach robots to see in 3D,» New Scientist, April 7, 2017, www.newscientist.com/article/2127131-new-computer-vision-challenge-wants-to-teach-robots-to-see-in-3d/.

142

Ashlee Vance, «Silicon Valley’s latest unicorn is run by a 22-year-old,» Bloomberg Businessweek, August 5, 2019, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-05/scale-ai-is-silicon-valley-s-latest-unicorn.

143

Volodymyr Mnih, Koray Kavukcuoglu, David Silver et al. «Playing Atari with deep reinforcement learning,» DeepMind Research, January 1, 2013, deepmind.com/research/publications/playing-atari-deep-reinforcement-learning.

144

Volodymyr Mnih, Koray Kavukcuoglu, David Silver et al., «Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning,» Nature, volume 518, pp. 529–533 (2015), February 25, 2015, www.nature.com/articles/nature14236.

145

Tu Yuanyuan, «The game of Go: Ancient wisdom,» Confucius Institute Magazine, volume 17, pp. 46–51 (November 2011), confuciusmag.com/go-game.

146

David Silver and Demis Hassabis, «AlphaGo: Mastering the ancient game of Go with machine learning,» Google AI Blog, January 27, 2016, ai.googleblog.com/2016/01/alphago-mastering-ancient-game-of-go.html.

147

Matt Schiavenza, «China’s ‘Sputnik Moment’ and the Sino-American battle for AI supremacy,» Asia Society Blog, September 25, 2018, asiasociety.org/blog/asia/chinas-sputnik-moment-and-sino-american-battle-ai-supremacy.

148

John Markoff, «Scientists see promise in deep-learning programs,» New York Times, November 23, 2012, www.nytimes.com/2012/11/24/science/scientists-see-advances-in-deep-learning-a-part-of-artificial-intelligence.html.

149

Dario Amodei and Danny Hernandez, «AI and Compute,» OpenAI Blog, May 16, 2018, openai.com/blog/ai-and-compute/.

150

Will Knight, «Facebook’s head of AI says the field will soon ‘hit the wall,’» Wired, December 4, 2019, www.wired.com/story/facebooks-ai-says-field-hit-wall/.

151

Kim Martineau, «Shrinking deep learning’s carbon footprint,» MIT News, August 7, 2020, ews.mit.edu/2020/shrinking-deep-learning-carbon-footprint-0807.

152

«General game playing with schema networks,» Vicarious Research, August 7, 2017, www.vicarious.com/2017/08/07/general-game-playing-with-schema-networks/.

153

Sam Shead, «Researchers: Are we on the cusp of an ‘AI winter’?» BBC News, January 12, 2020, www.bbc.com/news/technology-51064369.

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