Hurd, H. 1998. Parasite manipulation of insect reproduction: Who benefits? Parasitology 116(Supplement):S13–21.

Hurst, G. D. D., F. M. Jiggins, and J. H. Graf von der Schulenbeurg. 1999. Male-killing Wolbachia in two species of insect. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 266:735–740.

Hurst, L. D. 1993. The incidences, mechanisms and evolution of cytoplasmic sex ratio distorters. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 68:121–193.

James, A. A., and P. A. Rossignol. 1991. Mosquito salivary glands: Parasitological and molecular aspects. Parasitology Today 7:267–271.

Janeway, C. A., and P. Travers. 1994. Immunobiology: The immune system in health and disease. London: Current Biology, Ltd.

Jarolim, P., J. Palek, D. Amato, K. Hassan, P. Sapak, G. T. Nurse, H. L. Rubin, S. Zhai, K. E. Sahr, and S. Liu. 1991. Deletion in erythrocyte band 3 gene in malaria-resistant Southeast Asian ovalocytosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 88:11022–11026.

Karanja, D. M. S., D. G. Colley, B. L. Nahlen, J. H. Ouma, and W. E. Secor. 1997. Studies of schistosomiasis in western Kenya: I. Evidence for immune-facilitated excretion of schistosome eggs from patients with Schistosoma mansoni and human immunodeficiency virus coinfections. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 56(5):515–521.

Karban, R., and G. English-Loeb. 1997. Tachinid parasitoids affect host plant choice by caterpillars to increase caterpillar survival. Ecology 78:603–611.

Katz, L. A. 1998. Changing perspectives on the origin of eukaryotes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13:493–497.

Kavaliers, M., and D. Colwell. 1995a. Discrimination by female mice between the odors of parasitized and non-parasitized males. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 261:31–35.

_____. 1995b. Odors of parasitized males induce aversive responses in female mice. Animal Behavior 50:1161–1169.

Kawecki, T. J. 1998. Red Queen meets Santa Rosalia: Arms races and the evolution of host specification in organisms with parasitic lifestyles. American Naturalist 152:635–651.

Kazazian, H. H., and J. V. Moran. 1998. The impact of L1 retrotransposons on the human genome. Nature Genetics 19:19–24.

Kelley, W. E., and J. E. Atz. 1964. A pygidiid catfish that can suck blood from goldfish. Copeia (4):702–704.

Kennedy, C. R., and J. F. Guegan. 1996. The number of niches in intestinal helminth communities of Anguilla anguilla: Are there enough spaces for parasites? Parasitology 113:293–302.

Kilner, R. M., D. G. Noble, and N. B. Davies. 1999. Signals of need in parent-offspring communication and their exploitation by the common cuckoo. Nature 397:667–672.

Knoll, A. H., and S. B. Carroll. 1999. Early animal evolution: Emerging views from comparative biology and geology. Science 284:2129–2137.

Koella, J. C. 1999. An evolutionary view of the interactions between anopheline mosquitoes and malaria parasites. Microbes and Infection 1:303–308.

_____, P. Agnew, and Y. Michalakis. 1998a. Coevolutionary interactions between host life histories and parasite life cycles. Parasitology 116:S47–S55.

_____, F. L. Sorensen, and R. A. Anderson. 1998b. The malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, increases the frequency of multiple feeding of its mosqutio vector, Anopheles gambiae. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 265:763–768.

Koga, M., A. Ning, and I. Tada. 1999. Strongyloides ratti: Migration study of third-stage larvae in rats by whole-body autoradiography after S-methinonine labeling. Journal of Parasitology 85:405–409.

Kohler, S., C. F. Delwiche, P. W. Denny, L. G. Tilney, P. Webster, R. J. M. Wilson, J. D. Palmer, and D. S. Roos. 1997. A plastid of probably green algal origin in apicomplexan parasites. Science 275:1485–1488.

Kraaijeveld, A. R., J. J. M. Van Alphen, and H. C. J. Godfray. 1998. The coevolution of host resistance and parasitoid virulence. Parasitology 116(Supplement):S29–S45.

Krasnoff, S. B., D. W. Watson, D. M. Gibson, and E. C. Kwan. 1995. Behavioral effects of the entomopathogenic fungus Entomophthora muscae on its host Musca domestica: Postural changes in dying hosts and gated patterns of mortality. Journal of Insect Physiology 41(10):895–903.

Kuris, A. M., and K. D. Lafferty. 1994. Community structure: Larval trematodes in snail hosts. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25:189–217.

Kyriazakis, I., B. J. Tolkamp, and M. R. Hutchings. 1998. Toward a functional explanation for the occurrence of anorexia during parasitic infections. Animal Behavior 56:265–274.

Lafferty, K. D. 1992. Foraging on prey that are modified by parasites. American Naturalist 140:854–867.

_____. 1993a. Effects of parasitic castration on growth, reproduction and population dynamics of the marine snail Cerithidea californica. Marine Ecology Progress Series 96:229–237.

_____. 1993b. The marine snail, Cerithidea californica, matures at smaller sizes where parasitism is high. Oikos 68:3–11.

_____. 1997a. The ecology of parasites in a salt marsh ecosystem. In Parasites and pathogens: Effects on host hormones and behavior, edited by N. E. Beckage. New York: Chapman & Hall.

_____. 1997b. Environmental parasitology: What can parasites tell us about human impacts on the environment? Parasitology Today 13:251–255.

_____, and A. M. Kuris. 1996. Biological control of marine pests. Ecology 77(7):1989–2000.

_____, and K. Morris. 1996. Altered behavior of parasitized killifish increases susceptibility to predation by bird final hosts. Ecology 77(5):1390–1397.

Lankester, E. R. 1890. Degeneration: A chapter in Darwinism. In The advancement of science: Occasional essays and addresses. London: Macmillan.

Lauer, S. A., P. K. Rathod, N. Ghori, and K. Haldar. 1997. A membrane network for nutrient import in red cells infected with the malaria parasite. Science 276:1122–1125.

Lavine, M. D., and N. E. Beckage. 1996. Temporal pattern of parasitism-induced immunosuppression in Manduca sexta. Journal of Insect Physiology 42(1):41–51.

Law, R. 1998. Symbiosis through exploitation and the merger of lineages in evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 265:1245–1253.

Leptak, C. L., and J. H. McKerrow. 1997. Schistosome egg granulomas and hepatic expression of TNF-? are dependents on immune priming during parasite maturation. Journal of Immunology 158:301–307.