27 N. A. Rosenberg et al. “Clines, Clusters, and the Effect of Study Design on the Inference of Human Population Structure”, PLoS Genetics 1 (2005): e70; G. Coop et al. “The Role of Geography in Human Adaptation”, PLoS Genetics 5 (2009): e1000500.

28 Q. Fu et al. “DNA Analysis of an Early Modern Human from Tianyuan Cave, China”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 110 (2013): 2223–2227.

29 Fu et al. “Recent Neanderthal Ancestor”; W. Haak et al. “Massive Migration from the Steppe Was a Source for Indo-European Languages in Europe”, Nature 522 (2015): 207–211.

30 R. Pinhasi et al. “Optimal Ancient DNA Yields from the Inner Ear Part of the Human Petrous Bone”, PLoS One 10 (2015): e0129102.

31 Lazaridis et al. “Genomic Insights”.

32 Там же; Broushaki et al. “Early Neolithic Genomes”.

33 I. Olalde et al. “Derived Immune and Ancestral Pigmentation Alleles in a 7,000YearOld Mesolithic European”, Nature 507 (2014): 225–228.

34 I. Mathieson et al. “Genome-Wide Patterns of Selection in 230 Ancient Eurasians”, Nature 528 (2015): 499–503.

35 I. Mathieson et al. “The Genomic History of Southeastern Europe”, bioRxiv (2017): doi.org/10.1101/135616.

36 Haak et al. “Massive Migration”; M. E. Allentoft et al. “Population Genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia”, Nature 522 (2015): 167–172.

37 Templeton. “Biological Races”.

Глава 5. Как сложилась современная Европа

1 B. Bramanti et al. “Genetic Discontinuity Between Local Hunter-Gatherers and Central Europe’s First Farmers”, Science 326 (2009): 137–40.

2 A. Keller et al. “New Insights into the Tyrolean Iceman’s Origin and Phenotype as Inferred by Whole-Genome Sequencing”, Nature Communications 3 (2012): 698.

3 W. Muller et al. “Origin and Migration of the Alpine Iceman”, Science 302 (2003): 862–866.

4 P. Skoglund et al. “Origins and Genetic Legacy of Neolithic Farmers and Hunter-Gatherers in Europe”, Science 336 (2012): 466–469.

5 Albert J. Ammerman, L. L. Cavalli-Sforza. The Neolithic Transition and the Genetics of Populations in Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984).

6 N. J. Patterson et al. “Ancient Admixture in Human History”, Genetics 192 (2012): 1065–1093.

7 M. Raghavan et al. “Upper Palaeolithic Siberian Genome Reveals Dual Ancestry of Native Americans”, Nature (2013): doi: 10.1038/nature12736.

8 I. Lazaridis et al. “Ancient Human Genomes Suggest Three Ancestral Populations for Present-Day Europeans”, Nature 513 (2014): 409–413.

9 C. Gamba et al. “Genome Flux and Stasis in a Five Millennium Transect of European Prehistory”, Nature Communications 5 (2014): 5257; M. E. Allentoft et al. “Population Genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia”, Nature 522 (2015): 167–172; W. Haak et al. “Massive Migration from the Steppe Was a Source for Indo-European Languages in Europe”, Nature 522 (2015): 207–211; I. Mathieson et al. “Genome-Wide Patterns of Selection in 230 Ancient Eurasians”, Nature 528 (2015): 499–503.

10 L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, Paolo Menozzi, Alberto Piazza. The History and Geography of Human Genes (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994).

11 Haak et al. “Massive Migration”; Mathieson et al. “Genome-Wide Patterns”.

12 Q. Fu et al. “The Genetic History of Ice Age Europe”, Nature 534 (2016): 200–205.

13 I. Mathieson. “The Genomic History of Southeastern Europe”, bioRxiv (2017): doi.org/10.1101/135616.

14 K. Douka et al. “Dating Knossos and the Arrival of the Earliest Neolithic in the Southern Aegean”, Antiquity 91 (2017): 304–321.

15 Haak et al. “Massive Migration”; M. Lipson et al. “Parallel Palaeogenomic Transects Reveal Complex Genetic History of Early European Farmers”, Nature 551 (2017): 368–372.

16 Colin Renfrew. Before Civilization: The Radiocarbon Revolution and Prehistoric Europe (London: Jonathan Cape, 1973).

17 M. Gimbutas. The Prehistory of Eastern Europe, Part I: Mesolithic, Neolithic and Copper Age Cultures in Russia and the Baltic Area (American School of Prehistoric Research, Harvard University, Bulletin № 20) (Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum, 1956).

18 David W. Anthony. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007).

19 Там же.

20 Там же.

21 Haak et al. “Massive Migration”.

22 Там же; I. Lazaridis et al. “Genomic Insights into the Origin of Farming in the Ancient Near East”, Nature 536 (2016): 419–424.

23 M. Ivanova. “Kaukasus Und Orient: Die Entstehung des ‘MaikopPhänomens’ im 4. Jahrtausend v. Chr”, Praehistorische Zeitschrift 87 (2012): 1–28.

24 Haak et al. “Massive Migration”; Allentoft et al. “Bronze Age Eurasia”.

25 Там же.

26 G. Kossinna. “Die Deutsche Ostmark: Ein Heimatboden der Germanen”, Berlin (1919).

27 B. Arnold. “The Past as Propaganda: Totalitarian Archaeology in Nazi Germany”, Antiquity 64 (1990): 464–478.

28 H. Härke. “The Debate on Migration and Identity in Europe”, Antiquity 78 (2004): 453–456.

29 V. Heyd. “Kossinna’s Smile”, Antiquity 91 (2017): 348–359; M. Van der Linden. “Population History in Third-Millennium BC Europe: Assessing the Contribution of Genetics”, World Archaeology 48 (2016): 714–728; N. N. Johannsen, G. Larson, D. J. Meltzer, M. Van der Linden. “A Composite Window into Human History”, Science 356 (2017): 1118–1120.

30 Vere Gordon Childe. The Aryans: A Study of Indo-European Origins (London and New York: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co. and Alfred A. Knopf, 1926).

31 Härke. “Debate on Migration and Identity”.

32 P. Bellwood. First Migrants: Ancient Migration in Global Perspective (Chichester, West Sussex, UK / Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013).

33 C. McEvedy, R. Jones. Atlas of World Population History (Harmonds-worth, Middlesex, UK: Penguin, 1978).

34 K. Kristiansen. “The Bronze Age Expansion of Indo-European Languages: An Archaeological Model” in: Becoming European: The Transformation of Third Millennium Northern and Western Europe, ed. Christopher Prescott and Håkon Glørstad (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2011), 165–181.

35 S. Rasmussen et al. “Early Divergent Strains of Yersinia pestis in Eurasia 5,000 Years Ago”, Cell 163 (2015): 571–582.