2016), 33.

449

Смит цит. по: Richard Yeo, Encyclopaedic Visions (Cambridge, 2001), 249; William Hazlitt, 'Samuel Taylor Coleridge', The Spirit of the Age (London, 1825), 61–79, at 61.

450

Alexander Wood, Thomas Young (Cambridge, 1954), 230, 237.

451

Дюбуа-Реймон цит. по: Paul Bishop (ed.), Companion to Goethe's Faust (Woodbridge, 2006), 195. См. также: Richard Hibbitt, Dilettantism and its Values (London, 2006), особенно введение.

452

Frédéric Barbier (ed.), Les trois révolutions du livre (Geneva, 2001); Simon Eliot, 'From Few and Expensive to Many and Cheap: The British Book Market, 1800–1890', in Eliot and Jonathan Rose (eds.), A Companion to the History of the Book (Oxford, 2007), 291–302; Aileen Fyfe, Steam-Powered Knowledge: William Chambers and the Business of Publishing, 1820–1860 (Chicago, IL, 2012), 1–11.

453

Bernard Lightman, Victorian Popularizers of Science: Designing Nature for New Audiences (Chicago, IL, 2007), 66. О Германии см.: Andreas W. Daum, Wissenschaftspopularisierung in 19 Jht: bü rgerliche Kultur, naturwissenschaftliche Bildung und die deutsche Ö ffentlichkeit, 1848–1914 (Munich, 1998).

454

Thomas De Quincey, Suspiria de profundis (London, 1845). Гл. 1.

455

Emma C. Spary, 'L'invention de «l'expédition scientifique» ', in Marie-Noëlle Bourguet et al. (eds.), L'invention scientifique de la Méditerranée (Paris, 1998), 119–38.

456

Oliver MacDonagh, 'The Nineteenth-Century Revolution in Government: A Reappraisal', Historical Journal 1 (1958), 52–67; Martin Bulmer (ed.), The Social Survey in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, 1991); Edward Higgs, The Information State in England (Basingstoke, 2004).

457

Ian Hacking, The Taming of Chance (Cambridge, 1990), 3. См. также: Alain Desrosières, The Politics of Large Numbers (1993: English translation, Cambridge, MA, 1998).

458

Существует большое количество исследований по теме. Среди наиболее важных: Chris A. Bayly, Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870 (Cambridge, 1996); Bernard S. Cohn, Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge (Princeton, NJ, 1996); Emmanuelle Sibeud, Une science impériale pour l'Afrique? La construction des savoirs africanistes en France, 1878–1930 (Paris, 2002).

459

Haia Shpayer-Makov, The Ascent of the Detective (Oxford, 2011), 125.

460

Joanne Yates, 'Business Use of Information and Technology during the Industrial Age', in Alfred D. Chandler Jr. and James W. Cortada (eds.), A Nation Transformed by Information (New York, 2003), 107–36.

461

Jacques-Bernard Durey de Noinville, Table alphabétique des dictionnaires (Paris, 1758). См. также: Peter Burke with Joseph McDermott, 'The Proliferation of Reference Books, 1450–1850', in McDermott and Burke (eds.), The Book Worlds of East Asia and Europe, 1450–1850: Connections and Comparisons (Hong Kong, 2015), 283–320.

462

Цит. по: Mark S. Phillips, Society and Sentiment: Genres of Historical Writing in Britain, 1740–1820 (Princeton, NJ, 2000), 294.

463

Цит. по: Marina Frasca-Spada and Nick Jardine (eds.), Books and the Sciences in History (Cambridge, 2000), 402.

464

Журнал Modern Business, 1908, процитировано в OED.

465

John Higham, 'The Matrix of Specialization', in Alexandra Oleson and John Voss, The Organization of Knowledge in Modern America, 1860–1920 (Baltimore, MD, 1979), 3–18, at 9.

466

Конт также писал о 'l'esprit de spécialité, l'âge de spécialité, le régime de spécialité': Cours de Philosophie Positive (6 vols., 1830–42; rpr. Brussels, 1969), vol. 1, 31: vol. 6, 15, 293, 304, 341.

467

Fritz Ringer, Fields of Knowledge: French Academic Culture in Comparative Perspective, 1890–1920 (Cambridge, 1992), 303.

468

Émile Durkheim, La division du travail social (1893); см. также: Marcel Fournier, Émile Durkheim (2007: English translation, Cambridge 2013), 427–429, 432.

469

Маркс К., Энгельс Ф. Немецкая идеология. [1845 г.] / Сочинения. 2-е изд. Т. 1. – M.: Политиздат, 1955. С. 31.

470

Цит. по: Ruth Kinna, 'William Morris: Art, Work and Leisure', JHI 61 (2000), 493–512, 499, 503–504.

471

Max Weber, 'Science as a Vocation', in Hans H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (eds.), From Max Weber (New York, 1946), 129–56.

472

George Rosen, The Specialization of Medicine with Particular Reference to Ophthalmology (New York, 1944).

473

George E. Davie, The Democratic Intellect: Scotland and her Universities in the Nineteenth Century (1961: 3rd edn, Edinburgh, 2013).

474

Chad Wellmon, Organizing Enlightenment: Information Overload and the Invention of the Modern Research University (Baltimore, MD, 2015), 4–5, 10–11, 40, 122 and passim.

475

James Hart, German Universities (1874), 264.

476

Бэзил Гильдерслив, цит. по: James Axtell, Wisdom's Workshop: The Rise of the Modern University (Princeton, NJ, 2016), 248.

477

Дюркгейм цит. по: Fournier, Émile Durkheim, 67.

478

Sheldon Pollock, 'Introduction' to World Philology, ed. Pollock et al. (Cambridge, MA, 2015), 1–24.

479

Michael G. Brock and M. C. Curthoys (eds.), History of the University of Oxford (Oxford, 2000), vol. 7, part 2, 361–84, 397–428.

480

Davie, The Democratic Intellect, 6–7, 65–66, 79; он же, The Crisis of the Democratic Intellect: The Problem of Generalism and Specialization in Twentieth-Century Scotland (New York, 1987).

481

Tony Becher and Paul R. Trowler, Academic Tribes and Territories: Intellectual Inquiry and the Cultures of Disciplines (1989: second edn, Buckingham, 2001): о последних годах XX века. После работы Robert Ardrey The Territorial Imperative: A Personal Enquiry into the Animal Origins of Property and Nations (London, 1972) идея была распространена на разные области, от зоологии до социологии. Взгляд географа на проблему см. в: Robert David Sack, Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History (Cambridge, 1986).

482

Цит. по: Mary O. Furner and Barry Supple (eds.), The State and Economic Knowledge (Cambridge, 1990), 303.

483

Alfred N. Whitehead, Science and the Modern World (Cambridge, 1926).

484

Charles E. McClelland, State, Society and University in Germany, 1700–1914 (Cambridge, 1980), 281, 285.

485

Marie B. Hall, All Scientists Now: The Royal Society in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, 1984), 216–217.

486

Выражаю благодарность Майклу Хантеру за помощь в этом вопросе.

487

Eckhardt Fuchs, 'The Politics of the Republic of Learning: International Scientific Congresses in Europe, the Pacific Rim and Latin America', in Fuchs and Benedikt Stuchtey (eds.), Across Cultural