же.

537 Там же.

538 Там же.

539 Там же.

540 https://twitter.com/deanpomerleau/status/803692511906635777?s=09

541 Там же.

542 Там же.

543 Cade Metz, “The Bittersweet Sweepstakes to Build an AI That Destroys Fake News”, Wired, December 16, 2016, https://www.wired.com/2016/12/bittersweet-sweepstakes-build-ai-destroys-fake-news/

544 Там же.

545 Deepa Seetharaman, “Facebook Looks to Harness Artificial Intelligence to Weed Out Fake News”, Wall Street Journal, December 1, 2016, https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-could-develop-artificial-intelligence-to-weed-out-fake-news-1480608004

546 Там же.

547 Там же.

548 Там же.

549 Matthew Rosenberg, Nicholas Confessore, and Carole Cadwalladr, “How Trump Consultants Exploited the Facebook Data of Millions”? New York Times, March 17, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/17/us/politics/cambridge-analytica-trump-campaign.html.

550 “Facebook: Transparency and Use of Consumer Data”? April 11, 2018, House of Representatives, Committee on Energy and Commerce, Washington, D.C., https://docs.house.gov/meetings/IF/IF00/20180411/108090/HHRG-115-IF00-Transcript-20180411.pdf.

551 Там же.

552 Там же.

553 Там же.

554 Cade Metz, “Facebook’s AI Whiz Now Faces the Task of Cleaning It Up. Sometimes That Brings Him to Tears”, New York Times, May 17, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/17/technology/facebook-ai-schroepfer.html

555 Google I/O 2018 keynote, YouTube, https://youtu.be/ogfYd705cRs

556 Там же.

557 Там же.

558 Там же.

559 Там же.

560 Там же.

561 Там же.

562 Там же.

563 Nick Statt, “Google now says controversial AI voice calling system will identify itself to humans”, The Verge, May 10, 2018, https://www.theverge.com/2018/5/10/17342414/google-duplex-ai-assistant-voice-calling-identify-itself-update.

564 Gary Marcus and Ernest Davis, “AI Is Harder Than You Think”, Opinion, New York Times, May 18, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/18/opinion/artificial-intelligence-challenges.html

565 Там же.

566 Там же.

567 Там же.

568 Там же.

569 Gary Marcus, “Is ‘Deep Learning’ a Revolution in Artificial Intelligence?”, The New Yorker, November 25, 2012, https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/is-deep-learning-a-revolution-in-artificial-intelligence

570 Там же.

571 Там же.

572 Mike Issac, “Uber Bets on Artificial Intelligence with Acquisition and New Lab”, New York Times, December 5, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/05/technology/uber-bets-on-artificial-intelligence-with-acquisition-and-new-lab.html

573 “Artificial Intelligence Debate – Yann LeCun vs. Gary Marcus: Does AI Need Innate Machinery?”, YouTube, https://youtu.be/aCCotxqxFsk

574 Там же.

575 Там же.

576 Там же.

577 Там же.

578 Там же.

579 Там же.

580 Там же.

581 Там же.

582 Там же.

583 Там же.

584 Там же.

585 Gary Marcus, “Deep Learning: A Critical Appraisal”, 2018, https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.00631; Gary Marcus, “In defense of skepticism about deep learning”, 2018, https://medium.com/@GaryMarcus/in-defense-of-skepticism-about-deep-learning-6e8bfd5ae0f1; Gary Marcus, “Innateness, AlphaZero, and Artificial Intelligence”, 2018, https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.05667

586 Gary Marcus and Ernest Davis, Rebooting AI: Building Artificial Intelligence We Can Trust (New York: Pantheon, 2019).

587 “Artificial Intelligence Debate – Yann LeCun vs. Gary Marcus: Does AI Need Innate Machinery?”, YouTube, https://youtu.be/aCCotxqxFsk

588 Там же.

589 Там же.

590 Там же.

591 Там же.

592 Rowan Zellers, Yonatan Bisk, Roy Schwartz, and Yejin Choi, “Swag: A Large-Scale Adversarial Dataset for Grounded Commonsense Inference”, 2018, https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.05326

593 Там же.

594 Там же.

595 Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova, “BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding”, 2018, https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805

596 Там же.

597 Там же.

598 Cade Metz, “Finally, a Machine That Can Finish Your Sentence”, New York Times, November 18, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/18/technology/artificial-intelligence-language.html

599 Andy Zeng, Shuran Song, Johnny Lee, et al., “TossingBot: Learning to Throw Arbitrary Objects with Residual Physics”, 2019, https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.11239

600 Там же.

601 OpenAI, form 990, 2016.

602 Eduard Gismatullin, “Elon Musk Left OpenAI to Focus on Tesla, SpaceX”, Bloomberg News, February 16, 2019, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-17/elon-musk-left-openai-on-disagreements-about-company-pathway.

603 Elon Musk tweet, April 13, 2018, https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/984882630947753984?s=19

604 “OpenAI LP”, OpenAI blog, March 11, 2019, https://openai.com/blog/openai-lp/

605 “Edward Boyden wins 2016 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences,” MIT News, November 9, 2015, https://news.mit.edu/2015/edward-boyden-2016-breakthrough-prize-life-sciences-1109

606 Herbert Simon and Allen Newell, “Heuristic Problem Solving: The Next Advance in Operations Research”, Operations Research 6, no. 1 (January – February, 1958), p. 7.

607 Herbert Simon, The Shape of Automation for Men and Management, New York: Harper & Row, 1965.

608 Shane Legg, “Machine Super Intelligence”, 2008,

http://www.vetta.org/documents/Machine_Super_Intelligence.pdf.

609 Там же.

610 “Beneficial AI,” conference schedule, https://futureoflife.org/bai-2017/

611 Там же.

612 “Superintelligence: Science or Fiction, Elon Musk and Other Great Minds,” YouTube, https://youtu.be/h0962biiZa4

613 Там же.

614 Там же.

615 Там же.

616 Там же.

617 Там же.

618 Там же.

619 Там же.

620 Там же.

621 Там же.

622 “Creating Human-Level AI: How and When?”, YouTube, https://youtu.be/V0aXMTpZTfc

623 Там же.

624 Rolfe Winkler, “Elon Musk Launches Neuralink to Connect Brains with Computers”, Wall Street Journal, March 27, 2017, https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-launches-neuralink-to-connect-brains-with-computers-1490642652

625 Tad Friend, “Sam Altman’s Manifest Destiny”, The New Yorker, October 3, 2016, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/10/10/sam-altmans-manifest-destiny

626 Там же.

627 Там же.

628 Sam Altman blog, “How to Be Successful”, January 24, 2019, https://blog.samaltman.com/how-to-be-successful

629 «Там же.

630 Там же.

631 Там же.

632 “OpenAI Charter,” OpenAI blog, https://openai.com/charter/

633 Там же.

634 Max Jaderberg, Wojciech M. Czarnecki, Iain Dunning, et al., “Human-level performance in 3D multiplayer games with population-based reinforcement learning”, Science 363, no. 6443 (May 31, 2019), pp. 859–865, https://science.sciencemag.org/content/364/6443/859.full?ijkey=rZC5DWj2KbwNk&keytype=ref&siteid=sci

635 Tom Simonite, “DeepMind Beats Pros at StarCraft in Another Triumph for Bots”, Wired, January 25, 2019, https://www.wired.com/story/deepmind-beats-pros-starcraft-another-triumph-bots/

636 Tom Simonite, “OpenAI Wants to Make Ultrapowerful AI. But Not in a Bad Way”, Wired, May 1, 2019, https://www.wired.com/story/company-wants-billions-make-ai-safe-humanity/

637 Rory Cellan-Jones, “Google swallows DeepMind Health”, BBC, September 18, 2019, https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-49740095

638 Nate Lanxon, “Alphabet’s DeepMind Takes on Billion-Dollar Debt and Loses $572 Million”, Bloomberg News, August 7, 2019, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-07/alphabet-s-deepmind-takes-on-billion-dollar-debt-as-loss-spirals

639 Jack Nicas and Daisuke Wakabayashi, “Era Ends for Google as Founders Step Aside from a Pillar of Tech”, New York Times, December 3, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/03/technology/google-alphabet-ceo-larry-page-sundar-pichai.html

640 Geoff Hinton, tweet, https://twitter.com/geoffreyhinton/status/1110962177903640582?s=19

641 A. M. Turing, “Article Navigation on Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem”, Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 1936.

642 Paul Mozur, “One Month, 500,000 Face Scans: How China Is Using AI to Profile a Minority”, New York Times, April 14, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/14/technology/china-surveillance-artificial-intelligence-racial-profiling.html

643 “NCSAI – Lunch keynote: AI, National Security, and the Public-Private Partnership”, YouTube, https://youtu.be/3OiUl1Tzj3c

644 “Geoffrey Hinton and Yann LeCun 2018, ACM A.M. Turing Award Lecture, “The Deep Learning Revolution”, https://youtu.be/VsnQf7exv5I

645 Там же.

646 Там же.

647 Там же.

Слова благодарности

Это не та книга, которую я собирался писать. К лету 2016 года я уже несколько месяцев потратил на подготовку предложения по совершенно другой книге на совершенно другую тему, но получилось так, что я