41. Thomas S. Kuhn, Th e Structure of Scientifi c Revolutions, 2d ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970).

42. Irving L. Janis, Victims of Groupthink (Boston: Houghton Miffl in, 1972).

43. Frank Rose, West of Eden: Th e End of Innocence at Apple Computer (New York: Viking Penguin, 1989). 81.

44. Ibid., 85.

45. Ibid., 97.

46. Thomas J. Peters, «Symbols, Patterns, and Settings: An Optimistic Case for Getting Th ings Done», Organizational Dynamics 7 (1978): 3–23.

47. Jeffrey Pfeffer, Power in Organizations (Marshfi eld, MA: Pitman Publishing, 1981); Kanter, «Power Failure in Management Circuits»; Richard M. Emerson, «Power-Dependence Relations», American Sociological Review 27 (1962): 31–41.

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John P. Kotter, «Power, Success, and Organizational Eff ectiveness», Organizational Dynamics 6, no. 3 (1978): 27–40; and Power and Infl uence: Beyond Formal Authority (New York: Free Press, 1985).

Martin Patchen, «Th e Locus and Basis of Infl uence in Organizational Decisions», Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 11 (1974):

195–221.

Jeff rey Gandz and Victor V. Murray, «Th e Experience of Workplace Politics», Academy of Management Journal 23 (1980): 237–251.

Dan L. Madison et al, «Organizational Politics: An Exploration of Managers’ Perceptions», Human Relations 33 (1980): 79–100.

Jeff rey Pfeff er and Gerald R. Salancik, Th e External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective (New York: Harper and Row, 1978), 40.

Douglas K. Smith and Robert C. Alexander, Fumbling the Future: How Xerox Invented, Th en Ignored, the First Personal Computer (New York: William Morrow, 1988), 14.

Ibid., 148.

M. Ann Welsh and E. Allen Slusher, «Organizational Design as a Context for Political Activity», Administrative Science Quarterly 31 (1986): 389–402.

Rosabeth M. Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation (New York: Basic Books, 1977).

Gerald R. Salancik and Jeff rey Pfeff er, «Th e Bases and Use of Power in Organizational Decision Making: Th e Case of a University», Administrative Science Quarterly 19 (1974): 453–473.

Frederick S. Hills and Th omas A. Mahoney, «University Budgets and organizational Decision Making», Administrative Science Quarterly 23 (1978):

454–465.

Jeff rey Pfeff er and William L. Moore, «Power in University Budgeting: Plication and Extension», Administrative Science Quarterly 25 (1980):

637–653.

Ibid., 650–651.

James D. Th ompson and Arthur Tuden, «Strategies, Structures and Processes of Organizational Decision», Comparative Studies in Administration, eds. J.-D. Th ompson et al. (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1959): 195–216.

David Halberstam, Th e Reckoning (New York: William Morrow, 1986).

Patrick Wgright, On a Clear Day You Can See General Motors (Grosse MI: Wright Enterprises, 1979), 33.

Salancik and Pfeff er, «Bases and Use of Power».

Chris Argyris, Behind the Front Page (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1974).

Diana Tillinghast, «Th e Los Angeles Times: Weakening of Territorial Imperative», Newspaper Research Journal 1 (1980): 18–26.

Herbert E. Meyer, «Shootout at the Johns-Mansville Corral», Fortune (October 1976): 146–154.

Ibid., 154.

Hugh D. Menzies, «Th e Boardroom Battle at Bendix», Fortune (January 11, 1982): 54–64.

John P. Kotter, Th e General Managers (New York: Free Press, 1982), «Power, Success, and Organizational Eff ectiveness», and Power and Infl uence.

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Andrew M. Pettigrew, Politics of Organizational Decision-Making (London: Tavistock, 1973), 240.

David Krackhardt, «Assessing the Political Landscape: Structure, Cognition and Power in Organizations», Administrative Science Quarterly 35 (1990): 342–369.

Jeff rey Pfeff er and Gerald R. Salancik, «Administrator Eff ectiveness: Th e Eff ects of Advocacy and Information on Resource Allocations», Human Relations 30 (1977): 641–656.

Mark Stevens, Sudden Death: Th e Rise and Fall of E.F. Hutton (New York: Penguin, 1989), 52–53.

Ibid., 51–52.

Ibid., 215.

Henri Tajfel and Joseph P. Forgas, «Social Categorization: Cognitions, Values and Groups», Social Cognition: Perspectives on Everyday Understanding, ed. Joseph P. Forgas (New York: Academic Press, 1981), 113–140.

Marilynn B. Brewer and Roderick M. Kramer, «Th e Psychology of Intergroup Attitudes and Behavior», Annual Review of Psychology 36 (1985): 219–243.

Charles Perrow, «Departmental Power and Perspectives in Industrial Firms», Power in Organizations, ed. Mayer K. Zald (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 1970), 59–89.

C.R. Hinings et al., «Structural Conditions of Intraorganizational Power», Administative Science Quarterly 19 (1974): 22–44.

Jeff rey Pfeff er and Gerald R. Salancik, «Organizational Decision Making as a Political Process: Th e Case of a University Budget», Administrative Science Quarterly 19 (1974): 135–151; Jeff rey Pfeff er and William L. Moore, «Power in University Budgeting: A Replication and Extension», Administrative Science Quarterly 25 (1980): 637–653.

Martin Patchen, «Th e Locus and Basis of Infl uence in Organizational Decisions», Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 11 (1974):

195–221.

Nelson W. Polsby, «How to Study Community Power: Th e Pluralist Alternative», Journal of Politics 22 (1960): 474–484.

Pfeff er and Salancik, «Organizational Decision Making»; Pfeff er and Moore, «Power in University Budgeting».

Stevens, Sudden Death, 160.

T.L. Whisler et al., Centralization of Organizational Control: An Empirical Study of Its Meaning and Measurement”, Journal of Business 40 (1967): 10–26.

Michael Lewis, Liar’s Poker: Rising through the Wreckage on Wall Street (New York: Penguin, 1990), 59.

John R.P. French, Jr., and Bertram Raven, «Th e Bases of Social Power», Group Dynamics, eds. Dorwin Cartwright and Alvin Zander, 3rd ed. (New York: Harper and Row, 1968), 259–269; Patchen, «Locus and Basis of Infl uence», 210.

Stevens, Sudden Death.

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Michael L. Tushman, William H. Newman, and Elaine Romanelli, «Convergence and Upheaval: Managing the Unsteady Pace of Organizational Evolution», California Management Review 29 (1986): 29–44.

R.E. Nisbett and L. Ross, Human Inferences: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment (Englewood Cliff s, NJ: Prentice-Half, 1980).