Donald L. Helmich and Warren B. Brown, «Successor Type and Organizational Change in the Corporate Enterprise», Administrative Science Quarterly 17 (1972): 371–381.

Alvin W. Gouldner, «Th e Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement», American Sociological Review 25 (1960): 161–178.

Caro, Th e Power Broker.

Burrough and Helyar, Barbarians at the Gate, 63.

Ibid., 37.

Hugh D. Menzies, «Th e Boardroom Battle at Bendix», Fortune (January 11, 1982): 62.

Burrough and Helyar, Barbarians at the Gate, 63.

Ibid., 64.

Frank Rose, West of Eden: Th e End of Innocence at Apple Computer (New York: Viking Penguin, 1989), 132.

Ken Auletta, «Power, Greed and Glory on Wall Street: Th e Fall of Lehman Brothers», New York Times Magazine (February 17, 1985): 34.

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Linton C. Freeman, «Centrality in Social Networks: Conceptual Clarifi cations», Social Networks 1 (1979): 215–239; Daniel J. Brass, «Being in the Right Place: A Structural Analysis of Individual Infl uence in an Organization», Administrative Science Quarterly 29 (1984): 518–539.

Freeman, «Centrality in Social Networks».

Alex Bavelas, «Communication Patterns in Task Oriented Groups»,

Journal of Acoustical Society of America 22 (1950): 725–730; Harold J. Leavitt, «Eff ects of Certain Communication Patterns on Group Performance», Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 46 (1951): 38–50.

Kenneth D. Mackenzie, A Th eory of Group Structures (London: Gordon and Breach, 1975).

Jay R. Galbraith, Designing Complex Organizations (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1973).

Ibid.

Hickson et al., «A Strategic Contingencies’ Th eory of Intraorganizational Power», Administrative Science Quarterly 16 (1971): 216–229.

Andrew M. Pettigrew, «Information Control as a Power Resource»,Sociology 6 (1972): 190–191.

Brass, «Being in the Right Place», 519.

Ibid., 525.

Ibid., 532.

David Krackhardt, «Assessing the Political Landscape; Structure, Cognition and Power in Organizations», Administrative Science Quarterly 35 (1990): 342–369.

Jeff rey Pfeff er and Alison Konrad, «Th e Eff ects of Individual Power on Earnings», Work and Occupations (in press, 1991).

Frank Rose, West of Eden: Th e End of Innocence at Apple Computer (New York: Viking Penguin, 1989), 244–245.

Ibid., 298.

Robert A. Caro, Th e Path to Power: Th e Years of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982), 266.

Mark Stevens, Sudden Death: Th e Rise and Fall of E.F. Hutton (New York: Penguin, 1989), 161.

Henry Kissinger, Th e White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), 47.

David Halberstam, Th e Reckoning (New York: William Morrow, 1986); Neil Fligstein, «Th e Intraorganizational Power Struggle: Rise of Finance Personnel to Top Leadership in Large Corporations, 1919–1979», American Sociological Review 52 (1987): 44–58.

Maryann Keller, Rude Awakening: Th e Rise, Fall, and Struggle for Recovery of General Motors (New York: William Morrow, 1989), 58.

Ibid., 60–61.

Festinger, S. Schacter, and K. Back, Social! Pressures in Informal Groups (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1950).

John P. Kotter, «Power, Success, and Organizational Eff ectiveness», Organizational Dynamics 6, no. 3 (1978): 27–40.

Christopher Byron, Th e Fanciest Dive (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986).

Patrick Wright, On a Clear Day You Can See General Motors (Grosse point, MI: Wright Enterprises, 1979).

Rosabeth M. Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation (New York: Basic Books, 1977).

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New York Times (July 15, 1978): 23.

Sally Bedell Smith, In All His Glory: Th e Life of William S. Paley (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), 397.

David Mechanic, «Sources of Power of Lower Participants in Complex Organizations», Administrative Science Quarterly 7 (1962): 349–364.

John W. Gardner, On Leadership (New York: Free Press, 1990), 24.

Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority (New York: Harper and Row, 1974).

Max Weber, Th e Th eory of Social and Economic Organization (New York: Free Press, 1947).

Steven Bach, Final Cut: Dreams and Disaster in the Making of Heavens Gate (New York: William Morrow, 1985), 54.

Lynne G. Zucker, «Th e Role of Institutionalization in Cultural Persistence», American Sociological Review 42 (1977): 726–743.

R.C. Jacobs and D.T. Campbell, «Th e Perpetuation of an Arbitrary Tradition Th rough Successive Generations of a Laboratory Microculture», Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 62 (1961): 649–658.

Zucker, «Th e Role of Institutionalization», 732.

Ibid., 732–733.

J. Sterling Livingston, «Pygmalion in Management», Harvard Business Review 47 (July — August 1969): 81–89; W. Peter Archibald, «Alternative Explanations for Self-Fulfi lling Prophecy», Psychological Bulletin 81 (1974): 74–84.

Mark Snyder, «Self-Fulfi lling Stereotypes», Psychology Today 16 (July 1982): 60–68.

Lloyd H. Strickland, «Surveillance and Trust», Journal of Personality 26 (1958): 200–215.

Rosabeth M. Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation (New York: Basic Books, 1977).

David E. Berlew and Douglas T. Hall, «Th e Socialization of Managers: Eff ects of Expectations on Performance», Administrative Science Quarterly 11 (1966): 207–223.

Maryann Keller, Rude Awakening: Th e Rise, Fall, and Struggle for Recovery of General Motors (New York: William Morrow, 1989), 66–67.

Ibid., 67.

Smith, In All His Glory, 150.

Ibid., 152.

Ibid., 153.

Ibid., 156.

Henry Kissinger, Th e White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), 47.

Ibid., 47.

David Halberstam, Th e Best and the Brightest (New York: Random House, 1972), 79.

Ibid., 80.

M.J. Lerner and C.H. Simmons, «Observer’s Reaction to the «Innocent Victim»: Compassion or Rejection?» Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4 (1966): 203–210.

John M, Barry, Th e Ambition and the Power (New York: Viking, 1989): 154.

Joseph W. Harder, Play for Pay: Salary Determination and the Effects of Overand Under-Reward on Individual Performance in Professional Sports (Stanford, CA: Stanford University, unpublished doctoral dissertation, 1989).