Linda E. Ginzel, «Th e Impact of Biased Feedback Strategies on Performance Judgments», Research Paper #1102 (Palo Alto, CA: Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, 1990).

Ibid., 26.

Robert W. Allen et al., «Organizational Politics: Tactics and Characteristics of Its Actors», California Management Review 22 (1979): 77–83.

David G. Winter, «Leader Appeal, Leader Performance, and the Motive Profi les of Leaders and Followers: A Study of American Presidents and Elections», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1987): 196–202.

Ibid., 200.

Christopher H. Achen, Th e Statistical Analysis of Quasi-Experiments (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986).

Andrew M. Pettigrew, Politics of Organizational Decision-Making London: Tavistock, 1973), 17.

Ibid., 31.

D.J. Hickson et al., «A Strategic Contingencies’ Th eory of Intraorganizational Power», Administrative Science Quarterly 16 (1971): 216–229.

Martin Patchen, «Th e Locus and Basis of Infl uence in Organizational Decisions», Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 11 (1974): 209.

Ibid., 213.

George Strauss, «Tactics of Lateral Relationship: Th e Purchasing Agent», Administrative Science Quarterly 7 (1962): 161–186.

Michael L. Tushman and Elaine Romanelli, «Uncertainty, Social Location and Infl uence in Decision Making: A Sociometric Analysis», Management Science 29 (1983): 12–23.

Gerald R. Salancik, Jeff rey Pfeff er, and J. Patrick Kelly, «A Contingency Model of Infl uence in Organizational Decision Making», Pacifi c Sociological Review 21 (1978): 239–256.

Ibid., 253.

Bernard M. Bass, «Evolving Perspectives on Charismatic Leadership», Charismatic Leadership, eds. Jay A. Conger, Rabindra N. Kanungo and Associates (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1988), 40–77.

Robert J. House, William D. Spangler, and James Woycke, «Personality and Charisma in the U.S. Presidency: A Psychological Th eory of Leadership Effectiveness», unpublished, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 1989.

Ibid.; Robert J. House, «A 1976 Th eory of Charismatic Leadership» Leadership: Th e Cutting Edge, eds. J.G. Huntand L.L. Larson (Carbondale:

Southern Illinois University Press, 1977).

House, Spangler, and Woycke, «Personality and Charisma».

Nancy C. Roberts and Raymond Trevor Bradley, «Limits of Charisma» Charismatic Leadership, eds. Jay A. Conger, Rabindra N. Karmngo and Associates (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1988), 253–275.

Ibid., 254. 24. Ibid., 260.

Ibid., 263.

Ibid.

Ibid., 264.

Ibid., 269.

Ibid.

Ibid., 268.

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Robert A. Caro, Th e Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York (New York: Random House, 1974).

Robert A. Caro, Th e Path to Power: Th e Years of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982), 261.

Ibid., 263.

Ibid., 264–265.

David Halberstam, Th e Reckoning (New York: William Morrow, 1986); Maryann Keller, Rude Awakening: Th e Rise, Fall, and Struggle for Recovery of General Motors (New York: William Morrow, 1989).

Douglas K. Smith and Robert C. Alexander, Fumbling the Future: How Xerox Invented, Th en Ignored, the First Personal Computer (New York: William Morrow, 1988).

Max Holland, When the Machine Stopped (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1989).

Jeff rey Pfeff er and Gerald R. Salancik, Th e External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective (New York: Harper and Row, 1978), 48–49.

Richard C. Edwards, Contested Terrain: Th e Transformation of the Workplace in the Twentieth Century (New York: Basic Books, 1979).

Sanford M. Jacoby, Employing Bureaucracy: Managers, Unions, and the Transformation of Work in American Industry, 1900–1945 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985).

John M. Barry, Th e Ambition and the Power (New York: Viking, 1989).

Ibid., 68.

Ibid., 69. 14. Ibid., 70.

Ibid.

Richard M. Emerson, «Power-Dependence Relations», American Sociological Review 27 (1962): 31–41; Peter M. Blau, Exchange and Power in Social Life (New York: John Wiley, 1964).

Otto A. Davis, M.A.H. Dempster, and Aaron Wildavsky, «A Th eory of the Budgeting Process», American Political Science Review 60 (1966): 529–547; Jeff rey Pfeff er and Gerald R. Salancik, «Organizational Decision Making as a Political Process: Th e Case of a University Budget», Administrative Science Quarterly 19 (1974): 135–151; Jeff rey Pfeff er and William L. Moore, «Power in University Budgeting: A Replication and Extension», Administrative Science Quarterly 25 (1980): 637–653.

Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, «Choices, Values, and Frames», American Psychologist 39 (1984): 341–350.

Gerald R. Salancik and Jeff rey Pfeff er, «Th e Bases and Use of Power in Organizational Decision Making: Th e Case of a University», Administrative Science Quarterly 19 (1974): 135–151; Pfeff er and Moore, «Power in University Budgeting».

Janice Lodahl and Gerald Gordon, «Funding the Sciences in University Departments», Educational Record 54 (1973): 74–82.

Paul J. DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, «Th e Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields», American Sociological Review 48 (1983): 147–160.

Robert P. Gandossy, Bad Business: Th e OPM Scandal and the Seduction of the Establishment (New York: Basic Books, 1985), 5.

Ibid., 11.

Ibid., 38-39

Ibid., 39.

Ibid., 41. 27. Ibid., 44.

Ibid., 52.

Ibid., 53.

Ibid., 215.

Jeff rey Pfeff er and Alison Konrad, «Th e Eff ects of Individual Power on Earnings», Work and Occupations (in press, 1991).

Halberstam, Th e Reckoning.

Ibid., 136.

Ibid., 141.

Ibid., 148.

Ibid., 156.

Ibid., 183.

Barry, Th e Ambition and the Power, 18.

Bryan Burrough and John Helyar, Barbarians at the Gate: Th e Fall of RJR Nabisco (New York: Harper and Row, 1990), 35.

Barry, Th e Ambition and the Power, 71.

Ibid., 76.

Ibid., 84.

J. Patrick Wright, On a Clear Day Yow Can See General Motors (Grosse Point, MI; Wright Enterprises, 1979), 41.