59 Jan Hooyman, Verhandeling over den Tegenwoordigen Staat van den Landbouw in de Ommelanden van Batavia (Batavia: Bataviaasch Genootschap der Konsten en Wetenschappen, 1781), 184; P. Levert, Inheemsche Arbeid in de Java-Suikerindustrie (Wageningen, the Netherlands: Veenman, 1934), 55–56.

60 B.Hoetink, «So Bing Kong: Het Eerste Hoofd der Chineezen te Batavia (1619–1636),» Bijgraden tot de Taal-, Landen Volkenhunde van Nederlandsch-Indiё 73, nos. 3–4 (1917): 373–376; Tonio Andrade, «The Rise and Fall of Dutch Taiwan, 1624–1662: Cooperative Colonization and the Statist Model of European Expansion,» Journal of World History 17, no. 4 (2006): 439–440.

61 Andrade, «The Rise and Fall,» 445–447; Hui-Wen Koo, «Weather, Harvests, and Taxes: A Chinese Revolt in Colonial Taiwan,» Journal of Interdisciplinary History 46, no. 1 (2015): 41–42; Xu, «From the Atlantic,» 8, 11.

62 Hooyman, Verhandeling over den Tegenwoordigen Staat, 225, 238–239; Margaret Leidelmeijer, Van Suikermolen tot Grootbedrijf: Technische Vernieuwing in de Java-Suikerindustrie in de Negentiende Eeuw (Amsterdam: NEHA, 1997), 74, 324.

63 J.J.Reesse, De Suikerhandel van Amsterdam: Bijdrage tot de Handelsgeschiedenis des Vaderlands, Hoofdzakelijk uit de Archieven verzameld, vol. 1 (Haarlem: J.L.E. I Kleynenberg, 1908),

64 «Generale missiven van gouverneurs-generaal en raden aan heren XVII der Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie,» III, Grote Serie 125, 645, 743, http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl; Norifumi Daito, «Sugar Trade in the Eighteenth-Century Persian Gulf» (PhD diss., Leiden University, 2017), 23, 37, 68; Nadri, «The Dutch Intra-Asian Trade,» 76–77; James Silk Buckingham, Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, Including a Journey from Baghdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the Ancient Ecbatani… vol. 2 (London: Colburn and Bentley, 1830), 115, 117, 170.

65 Daito, «Sugar Trade,» 44, 47.

66 A.Mesud Kucukkalay and Numan Elibol, «Ottoman Imports in the Eighteenth Century: Smyrna (1771–1772),» Middle Eastern Studies 42, no. 5 (2006): 730; James Justinian Morier, Journey through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in 1808 and 1809 (London: Longman, Hurst, 1812), 171–172; Sébastien Lupo «Revolution(s) d’échelles: Le marché levantin et la crise du commerce marseillais au miroir des maisons Roux et de leurs relais à Smyrne (1740–1787)» (PhD diss., Université Aix-Marseille, 2015), 580.

67 Burnes, Travels into Bokhara, 2:436.

68 William Milburn, Oriental Commerce: Containing a Geographical Description of the Principal Places in the East Indies, China, and Japan, with their Produce, Manufactures, and Trade…, vol. 2 (London: Black, Parry, 1813), 307, 547. При расчете экспорта в США, Персию и Аравию в 1805 году я предположил цену в 5 рупий за маунд (37,22 кг). См. также: East-India Sugar: Papers Respecting the Culture and Manufacture of Sugar in British-India^ Also Notices on the Cultivation of Sugar in Other Parts of Asia (London: E.Cox and Son, 1822), app. 4, 4.

69 В зависимости от качества и цены (которая варьировалась от 3,5 до 6,5 рупий за маунд) экспорт сахара из Бомбея и Сурата через западный Индийский океан, должно быть, составлял от 2200 до 4000 тонн, а вдоль побережья западной Индии – от 3100 до 5800 тонн. Milburn, Oriental Commerce, 1:148, 211–212, 223; William Milburn and Thomas Thornton, Oriental Commerce… (London, 1827), 41, 119.

70 На основе цены в 3,5 рупии за маунд. Milburn, Oriental Commerce, 1:155, 221.

71 На основе цены в 5 рупий за маунд. Milburn, Oriental Commerce, 1:217. См. также: Milburn and Thornton, Oriental Commerce, 169.

72 Hosea Ballou Morse, The Chronicles of the East India Company: Trading to China, 1635–1834 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1926), 249–250, 272, 385.

73 Milburn and Thornton, Oriental Commerce, 307, 327, 349, 515.

74 J.W.Davidson, The Island of Formosa: Historical View from 1430 to 1900… (New York: Paragon Book Gallery, 1903), 445, 446, 457.

75 Mazumdar, Sugar and Society, 351, 356–357, 383; Robert Marx, Rural Revolution in South China: Peasants and the Making of History in Haifeng County, 1570–1930 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984), 107; Jack F.Williams, Sugar: The Sweetener in Taiwan’s Development, in China’s Island Frontier Studies in the Historical Geography of Taiwan, ed. Ronald G.Knapp (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1980), 220.

2. Сахар идет на запад

1 Tsugitaka Sato, Sugar in the Social Life of Medieval Islam (Leiden: Brill, 2015), 34–36.

2 Mohamed Ouerfelli, Le Sucre: Production, commercialisation et usages dans la Méditerranée médiévale (Leiden: Brill, 2008), 81.

3 Sato, Sugar in the Social Life, 40–45.

4 Subhi Lahib, Handelsgeschichte Ägyptens im Spätmittelalter (1171–1517) (Wiesbaden, Germany: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1965), 319–320.

5 Eliyahu Ashtor, «Levantine Sugar Industry in the Later Middle Ages: An Example of Technological Decline,» in Technology, Industry and Trade: The Levant versus Europe, 1250–1500, ed. Eliyahu Ashtor and B.Z.Kedar (Hampshire, England: Ashgate, 1992), 240.

6 См., например: Judith Bronstein, Edna J. Stern, and Elizabeth Yehuda, «Franks, Locals and Sugar Cane: A Case Study of Cultural Interaction in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem,» Journal of Medieval History 45, no. 3 (2019): 316–330; Judith Bronstein, The Hospitallers and the Holy Land: Financing the Latin East, 1187–1274 (Woodbridge, England: Boydell and Brewer, 2005).

7 Edna J.Stern et al., «Sugar Production in the ‘Akko Plain from the Fatimad to the Early Ottoman Periods,» in The Origins of the Sugar Industry and the Transmission of Ancient Greek and Medieval Arab Science and Technology from the Near East to Europe, ed. K.D.Politis (Athens: National and Kapodistriako University of Athens, 2015), 89–93; Hamdan Taha, «Some Aspects of Sugar Production in Jericho, Jordan Valley,» in A Timeless Vale: Archaeological and Related Essays on the Jordan Valley in Honour of Gerrit van der Kooij on the Occasion of His Sixty-Fifth Birthday, ed. Eva Kaptijn and Lucas Pieter Petit (Leiden: Leiden University Press, 2009), 181, 186–187.

8 Eliyahu Ashtor, Levant Trade in Later Middle Ages (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), 17–18.

9 Bethany J.Walker, «Mamluk Investment in Southern Bilad Al-Sham in the Eighth / Fourteenth Century: The Case of Hisban,» Journal of Near Eastern Studies 62, no. 4 (2003): 244; Laparidou Sofia and M.Rosen Arlene, «Intensification of Production in Medieval Islamic Jordan and Its Ecological Impact: Towns of the Anthropocene,» The Holocene 25, no. 10 (2015): 1687–1688.

10 Ashtor, Levant Trade, 52–53.

11 A.T.Luttrell, «The Sugar Industry and its Importance for the Economy of