amazon/374632/.

44

Emily Steel, “Nielsen Plays Catch- Up as Streaming Era Wreaks Havoc on TV Raters,” New York Times, February 2, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/03/business/media/nielsen- playing- catch- up-as- tv- viewing- habitschange-and-digital-rivals-spring-up.html?_r=0.

45

Rick Porter, “Netfl ix Says Ratings Estimates ‘Remarkably Inaccurate,’Won’t Change Its No- Numbers Stance,” Zap2it.com, January 17, 2016, http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/01/17/ netfl ix- says- ratings- estimatesremarkably-inaccurate- wont-change-its-no-numbers-stance/.

46

Mary Meeker, “2015 Internet Trends Report,” May 27, 2015, http://www.slideshare.net/kleinerperkins/internet-trends-v1.

47

Dan Farber, “Why Romney’s Orca Killer App Beached on Election Day,” CNet.com, November 9, 2012, http://www.cnet.com/news/ why- romneysorca-killer-app-beached-on-election-day/.

48

Michael Kranish, “ORCA, Mitt Romney’s High- Tech Get- Out- the Vote Program, Crashed on Election Day,” Boston.com, http://archive.boston.com/ news/politics/2012/president/candidates/romney/2012/11/10/ orca- mitt- romneyhigh-tech- get- out- the-vote-program-crashed-election-day/gfl S8VkzDcJcXCrHoV0nsI/story.html.

49

Farber, “Why Romney’s Orca Killer App Beached on Election Day.

50

Stephen Bungay, The Art of Action: How Leaders Close the Gaps between Plans, Actions, and Results (London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2010), Kindle edition.

51

Dan North, “Why Agile Doesn’t Scale, and What You Can Do About It,” presentation at GOTO conference, September 30, 2013, http://gotocon.com/aarhus-2013/presentation/Why+Agile+doesn’t+scale,+and+what+you+can+do+about+it. When we spoke to North, he went on to say, “If you want to scale and be agile, the solution may not be more scrum teams.” (Scrum is the most popular agile method. When people think of agile, they’re usually thinking of scrum.) Instead, he told us, “When you have a lot of work to do,you have to ask, What is the shape of the work, and what’s the best shape of people to do the work?” North described a process of asking these questions quarterly and adjusting assignments and organization continuously in response to the nature of the work.

52

TechBeacon, “State of Performance Engineering, 2015–2016 Edition,” http://techbeacon.com/sites/default/fi les/State-of-Performance-Engineering-2015-16_FINAL2.pdf.

53

Bungay, Art of Action, loc. 2856.

54

Neil Williams, interview with authors, 2016.

55

Williams told us that the system described here has evolved somewhat in the time they’ve been using the process. “As we learn, we change things,”he told us. Now that GOV.UK is an established platform that’s used across government, there is more need to coordinate work across departments. As a result,the team fi nds more need to communicate hard dates. Still, Williams told us, plans are subject to change. “It doesn’t change the uncertainty,” he said, “just how we communicate about it. We tell бpeople, this is the plan, it’s the best plan we have, and it will probably change.”

56

This is similar to an approach used by the Google Apps team in 2006 and 2007. Team members describe using these same planning buckets, along with one additional bucket, which is the “not doing” bucket. This last category helps stakeholders understand which features are explicitly out of scope. https://library.gv.com/climbing-mount-enterprise-99a4d014f942#.iasj0ux35.

57

Donald Reinertsen, The Principles of Product Development Flow (Redondo Beach, CA: Celeritas, 2012).

58

“GOV.UK High- Level Road Map,” Trello, https://trello.com/b/GyqsETvS/gov-uk-high-level-roadmap.

59

Bungay, Art of Action, loc. 923.

60

Mehrdad Baghai, Stephen Coley, and David White, The Alchemy of Growth (New York: Basic Books, 2000).

61

This description is based on an interview with Brad Smith,Intuit CEO, by Eric Ries at the Startup Lessons Learned Conference, 2011, http://criticalthinking.tumblr.com/post/6713640477/ bradsmith-ceo-intuit-at-startup-lessons.

62

Hugh Molotsi, “Horizon Planning at Intuit,” February 14, 2014, http://blog.hughmolotsi. com/ 2014_02_01_archive.html.

63

Geoffrey Moore, “To Succeed in the Long Term, Focus on the Middle Term,” Harvard Business Review , July— August 2007, https://hbr.org/2007/07/ tosucceed-in- the- long- term-focus-on-the-middle-term.

64

This formulation is often attributed to author and strategist Larry Keeley. But designer Alan Cooper, who cites Keeley in his book The Inmates Are Running the Asylum (Boston: Pearson, 1999), says, “You could make a case that it comes from Vitruvius, just a tad earlier” (Vitruvius, the ancient Roman architect and author, is known for his assertion that architecture must be solid, useful, and beautiful; and personal communication with Alan Cooper.

65

Cian Ó Maidin, “Release the Kraken: How PayPal Is Being Revolutionized by Node.js and Lean- UX,” NearForm.com, November 5, 2013, http://www.nearform.com/nodecrunch/ release- the- kracken- how- paypal- is- beingrevolutionized-by-node-js-and-lean-ux/.

66

Brad Power, “How GE Applies Lean Startup Practices,” Harvard Business Review, April 23, 2014, https://hbr.org/2014/04/ how-ge-applies-leanstartup-practices/.

67

The New York Times, The Full New York Times Innovation Report https://www.scribd.com/doc/224608514/ The- Full-New-York-Times-Innovation-Report.

68

Clement Huyghebaert, “What Is It Like to Be an Engineer at BuzzFeed,” Quora.com, accessed September 1, 2016, https://www.quora.com/What- is- it- like- to-be-an-engineer-at-BuzzFeed.

69

Vox, “Code of Conduct,” accessed September 1, 2016, http://code-of-conduct.voxmedia.com/.

70

Personal communication with Bill Scott, 2015.

71

Eric Savitz, “The Death of Outsourcing, and Other IT Management Trends,” Forbes.com, December 28, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/ciocentral/2012/12/28/ the- death- ofoutsourcing-and-other-it-management-trends/#12657a6775c7; and Stephanie Overby, “Goodbye Outsourcing, Hello Insourcing: A Trend Rises,” CIO.com,February 17, 2011, http://www.cio.com/article/2411036/outsourcing/ goodbyeoutsourcing – hello-insourcing – a-trend-rises.html.

72

Nathan Coe, interview, 2015.

73

Chris Kelly, interview, 2015.

74

Beyond Budgeting Institute, accessed September 1, 2016, http://www.beyondbudgeting.org/beyond-budgeting/bb-problem.html.

75

Sonja Kresojevic, interview, 2016.

76

Todd Wallack, “Call It Big Data’s Big Dig— $75m, 19 Years,Still Not Done,” Boston Globe , April 12, 2015, http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/04/11/ massachusetts- courts- long- delayedcomputer-system-may-leave-public-out/S7tZcbvBDFd3nho7XvEZPO/story.html.

77

Michael Krigsman, “An IT Failure Unicorn: Endless 19-Year Project in Massachusetts,” ZDNet, April 13, 2015, http://www.zdnet.com/article/