id="id85">

32

Процесс превращения продукта из элитного в общедоступный. Прим. ред.

33

Персональный компьютер на базе процессора Intel с операционной системой Windows. Прим. ред.

34

Если определять комплементоров как партнеров, которые, создавая ценность, одновременно увеличивают ценность фокальной фирмы, то в анализ следует включать и поставщиков. Это важное отступление от традиционного подхода, и оно жизненно важно для определения межотраслевых угроз. Три способа, которыми комплементоры могут подорвать деятельность фокальной фирмы, подробно описаны в статье Ron Adner and Marvin Lieberman. Disruption through Complements. Strategy Science 6, no. 1 (2021): 91–109, https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/stsc.2021.0125 (открытый доступ). В статье эта логика применяется для рассмотрения возможных сценариев в транспортной экосистеме.

35

Этих птиц использовали для обнаружения метана и угарного газа в шахтах, поскольку канарейки погибают гораздо быстрее людей. Прим. ред.

36

Statista Research Department, “Sales of Digital Photo Frames in the United States from 2006 to 2010,” Statista, July 31, 2009, https://www.statista.com/statistics/191937/sales-of-digital-photo-frames-in-the-us-since-2006/.

37

Rick Broida, “Does It Still Make Sense to Buy a Digital Photo Frame?” cnet, May 4, 2012, https://www.cnet.com/news/does-it-still-make-sense-to-buy-a-digital-photo-frame/.

38

Lexmark International, Inc., 2010 Annual Report, December 31, 2010, 6, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1001288/000119312513077056/d475908d10k.htm.

39

“Lexmark International: Why Is a Printer Company Trying to Reduce Print?” Seeking Alpha, June 3, 2013, https://seekingalpha.com/article/1477811-Lexmark-international-why-is-a-printer-company-trying-to-reduce-print?page=2.

40

Acquisition price source is Bureau Van Dyke Zephyr (Lexmark acquired by consortium led by Apex Technology and PAG Asia Capital, Deal № 1909300149; accessed January 26, 2021), https://zephyr-bvdinfo-com/. Enterprise value information from S&P Capital IQ (Lexmark International, Inc. Financials, Historical Capitalization; accessed January 26, 2021), https://www.capitaliq.com/.34 if Kodak’s leadership had recognized the potential for ecosystem-based disruption: Ron Adner, “Many Companies Still Don’t Know How to Compete in the Digital Age,” Harvard Business Review, March 28, 2016, https://hbr.org/2016/03/many-companies-still-dont-know-how-to-compete-in-the-digital-age.

41

Этот раздел написан на основе статьи Ron Adner. Many Companies Still Don’t Know How to Compete in the Digital Age. Harvard Business Review, March 28, 2016, https://hbr.org/2016/03/many-companies-still-dont-know-how-to-compete-in-the-digital-age.

42

Tiernan Ray, “Apple, RIM: A Kodak Win Could Mean $1B Settlement, Says RBC,” Barron’s, June 23, 2011, https://www.barrons.com/articles/BL-TB-33151.

43

Ron Adner and Daniel Snow, “Bold Retreat: A New Strategy for Old Technologies,” Harvard Business Review 88, no. 3 (March 2010): 76–81, https://hbr.org/2010/03/bold-retreat-a-new-strategy-for-old-technologies.

44

Kim Brady, “Photo Printing Is on the Rise,” Digital Imaging Reporter, January 10, 2018, https://direporter.com/industry-news/industry-analysis/photo-printing-rise.

45

Steve Sasson (inventor of the digital camera), in discussion with the author, May 6, 2020.

46

Kasey Wehrum, “Special Report: Wayfair’s Road to $1 Billion,” Inc., April 3, 2012, https://www.inc.com/magazine/201204/kasey-wehrum/the-road-to-1-billion-growth-special-report.html.

47

Jeffrey F. Rayport, Susie L. Ma, and Matthew G. Preble, “Wayfair,” Harvard Business School, June 12, 2019, Case Study 9-819-045, 7.

48

Abram Brown, “How Wayfair Sells Nearly $1 Billion Worth of Sofas, Patio Chairs and Cat Playgrounds.” Forbes, April 16, 2014, https://www.forbes.com/sites/abrambrown/2014/04/16/how-wayfair-sells-nearly-1-billion-worth-of-sofas-patio-chairs-and-cat-playgrounds/.

49

Alex Finkelstein, general partner at the venture firm Spark Capital, quoted in Wehrum, “Special Report: Wayfair’s Road to $1 Billion.”

50

Janice H. Hammond and Anna Shih, “Wayfair: Fast Furniture?” Harvard Business School, May 10, 2019, Case Study 9-618-036, 8.

51

Wayfair, Inc., “Third Quarter Fiscal Year 2014 Earnings Conference Call,” November 10, 2013, 2, https://s24.q4cdn.com/589059658/files/doc_financials/quaterly/2014/q3/final-111014-wayfair-inc-3q-results.pdf.

52

https://investor.wayfair.com/news/news-details/2017/Wayfair-Announces-First-Quarter-2017-Results/default.aspx.

53

Makeda Easter, “Amazon Hopes to Dominate Yet Another Market— Furniture,” Los Angeles Times, May 12, 2017, https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-amazon-furniture-push-20170512-story.html.

54

Anita Balakrishnan, “Wayfair Shares Tumble amid Report of Amazon Furniture Push,” CNBC, April 24, 2017, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/24/wayfair-stock-moves-amid-report-of-amazon-competition.html.

55

Tyler Durden, “Wayfair Tumbles after Amazon Launches Furniture Seller Program,” Zero Hedge, April 24, 2017, https://www.zerohedge.com/news/2017-04-24/wayfair-tumbles-after-amazon-launches-furniture-seller-program.

56

Carl Prindle, “Amazon’s New Furniture Seller Program: What It Means for Wayfair and Furniture Retailers.” Blueport Commerce, April 28, 2017, https://www.blueport.com/blog/amazons-new-furniture-seller-program-means-wayfair-furniture-retailers/.

57

Chris Sweeney, “Inside Wayfair’s Identity Crisis,” Boston Magazine, October 1, 2019, https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2019/10/01/inside-wayfair/.

58

Wayfair’s quarterly sales and its market cap sales in quarters ending March 31, 2017, and September 30, 2020, were $960.8 million and $3.8 billion respectively. Market cap grew from $3.372 billion to $30.34 billion.

59

Steve Oblak (chief merchandising officer, Wayfair, Inc.) in discussion with the author, January 2020.

60

Oblak, discussion with the author.

61

Wayfair Inc., 2016 Annual Report, December 31, 2016, 5, https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReportArchive/W/NYSE_W_2016.pdf.

62

Wayfair Inc., 2018 Annual Report, December 31, 2018, 4, https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReportArchive/W/NYSE_W_2018.PDF.

63

Wayfair’s global head of algorithms and analytics, John Kim, quoted in Suman Bhattacharyya, “How Wayfair Is Personalizing How You Buy Your Furniture Online,” Digiday, August 24, 2018, https://digiday.com/retail/wayfair-personalizing-buy-furniture-online/.

64

“Wayfair Launches Visual Search, Lets Shoppers Instantly Find and Shop the Styles They See and Love,” Wayfair Inc. press release, May 16, 2017, https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170516005302/en/Wayfair-Launches-Visual-Search-Lets-Shoppers-Instantly.

65

Steve Conine, quoted in Jeff Bauter Engel, “Wayfair’s Steve Conine on the Amazon Threat, Adopting A.I. & More,” Xconomy, January 28, 2019, https://xconomy.com/boston/2019/01/07/wayfairs-steve-conine-on-the-amazon-threat-adopting-a-i-more/2/.

66

Charles Arthur, “Navigating Decline: What Happened to TomTom?” The Guardian, July 21, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/jul/21/navigating-decline-what-happened-to-tomtom-satnav.

67

“Global Market Size of Portable Navigation Devices from 2005 to 2015,” Statista Research Department, January