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68
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Toby Sterling, “TomTom CEO Says Its Maps Destined for Use in Self-Driving Cars,” Reuters, May 4, 2015, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tomtom-autos/tomtom-ceo-says-its-maps-destined-for-use-in-self-driving-cars-idUSKBN0NP0DZ20150504.
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Management board member Alain De Taeye, quoted in Natalia Drozdiak, “TomTom Maps Out Revamp with Bet on Self-Driving Cars,” Transport Topics, September 4, 2019, https://www.ttnews.com/articles/tomtom-maps-out-revamp-bet-self-driving-cars.
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80
Drozdiak, “TomTom Maps Out Revamp with Bet on Self-Driving Cars.”
81
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Janko Roettgers, “Spotify Has Become the World’s Most Popular Music Streaming App,” Variety, December 1, 2015, https://variety.com/2015/digital/news/spotify-has-become-the-worlds-most-popular-music-streaming-app-1201650714/.
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87
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88
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89
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92
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93
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95
GartnerG2 analyst Mike McGuire, quoted in Charles Duhigg, “Apple Renews 99-Cent Song Deals,” Los Angeles Times, May 3, 2006, https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-may-03-fi-apple3-story.html.
96
Unnamed source, quoted in Glenn Peoples, “Fight between Apple and Spotify Could Change Digital Music; Labels Said to Reject Pricing below $9.99,” Billboard, March 9, 2015, https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/6494979/fight-between-apple-and-spotify-could-change-digital-music-labels-said-to.
97
Unnamed source, quoted in Tim Ingham, “Spotify Is Out of Contract with All Three Major Labels— and Wants to Pay Them Less,” Music Business Worldwide, August 23, 2016, https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/spotify-contract-three-major-labels-wants-pay-less/.
98
David Lidsky, “The Definitive Timeline of Spotify’s Critic-Defying Journey to Rule Music,” Fast Company, August 13, 2018, https://www.fastcompany.com/90205527/the-definitive-timeline-of-spotifys-critic-defying-journey-to-rule-music.
99
Stuart Dredge, “Spotify Closes Its Direct-Upload Test for Artists,” Music Ally, July 1, 2019, https://musically.com/2019/07/01/spotify-closes-its-direct-upload-test-for-artists/.
100
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101
Industry analyst Mark Mulligan, quoted in Charles Lane, “Spotify Goes Public Valued at Nearly $30 Billion — But Its Future Isn’t Guaranteed,” NPR, April 3, 2018, https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2018/04/03/599131554/spotify-goes-public-valued-at-nearly-30-billion-but-its-future-isnt-guaranteed.
102
Industry analyst Mark Mulligan, quoted in Anna Nicolaou, “Revenue Streams: Spotify’s Bid to Generate a Profit,” Financial Times, March 14, 2018, https://www.ft.com/content/974206c0-2609-11e8-b27e-cc62a39d57a0.
103
Anna Nicolaou, “Spotify Drops Plan to Pull in Independent Artists,” Financial Times, July 3, 2019, https://www.ft.com/content/c15d5124-9d15-11e9-9c06-a4640c9feebb.
104
Daniel Ek, quoted in Robert Levine, “Billboard Cover: Spotify CEO Daniel Ek on Taylor Swift, His ‘Freemium’ Business Model and Why He’s Saving the Music Industry,” Billboard, June 5, 2015, https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/6590101/daniel-ek-spotify-ceo-streaming-feature-tidal-apple-record-labels-taylor-swift.
105
Unnamed music executive, quoted in Tim Ingham, “The Major Labels Could Block Spotify’s Expansion into India Due to Direct Licensing Fallout,” Music Business Worldwide, June 15, 2018,