class="a">https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/the-major-labels-could-block-spotifys-expansion-into-india-this-year/.

106

Amy X. Wang, “Spotify Is in Trouble with Record Labels (Again),” Rolling Stone, September 10, 2018, https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/spotify-record-labels-dispute-720512/.

107

Jem Aswad, “Spotify’s Daniel Ek Talks Royalties, Data-Sharing, the Future: ‘I Was Never a Disrupter,’” Variety, April 11, 2019, https://variety.com/2019/biz/news/spotify-daniel-ek-talks-royalties-future-freaknomics-disrupter-1203186354/.

108

Jem Aswad, “Spotify’s Daniel Ek Talks Royalties, Data-Sharing, the Future: ‘I Was Never a Disrupter,’” Variety, April 11, 2019, https://variety.com/2019/biz/news/spotify-daniel-ek-talks-royalties-future-freaknomics-disrupter-1203186354/.

109

Lauren Feiner, “Spotify Makes Another Podcast Acquisition, Buying Bill Simmons’ The Ringer,” CNBC, February 5, 2020, https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/05/spotify-spot-earnings-spotify-acquires-the-ringer-to-boost-podcasts.html.

110

Juli Clover, “Apple CEO Tim Cook on Apple Music: ‘We Worry about the Humanity Being Drained Out of Music,’” MacRumors, August 7, 2018, https://www.macrumors.com/2018/08/07/tim-cook-apple-music-humanity/.

111

Впервые я сформулировал три этих конструкта в книге The Wide Lens: What Successful Innovators See That Others Miss в качестве новой точки зрения на инновации. В The Wide Lens я рассматривал, как с помощью данных конструктов можно выбирать между инновационными пилотными проектами и МЖЭ в условиях сложных экосистем. Здесь мы воспользуемся этими принципами, чтобы понять механизмы конкуренции и подрыва экосистем. Две дискуссии взаимно дополняют друг друга, и заинтересованным читателям будет полезно ознакомиться с обеими. Прим. авт.

112

Farhad Manjoo, “Amazon Echo, a.k.a. Alexa, Is a Personal Aide in Need of Schooling,” New York Times, June 24, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/25/technology/personaltech/amazon-echo-aka-alexa-is-a-personal-aide-in-need-of-schooling.html.

113

David Pierce, “Amazon Echo Review: Listen Up,” The Verge, January 29, 2015, https://www.theverge.com/2015/1/19/7548059/amazon-echo-review-speaker.

114

Trefis Team, “Why Smart Home Devices Are a Strong Growth Opportunity for Best Buy,” Forbes, July 5, 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2017/07/05/why-smart-home-devices-are-a-strong-growth-opportunity-for-best-buy/#798aa5b24984.

115

“Control4 Launches Amazon Alexa Skill for Voice-enabled Whole Home Automation,” Control4 press release, September 14, 2016, https://www.control4.com/press_releases/2016/09/14/control4-launches-amazon-alexa-skill-for-voice-enabled-whole-home-automation/.

116

Walt Mossberg, “Mossberg: Five Things I Learned from Jeff Bezos at Code,” Recode, June 8, 2016, https://www.vox.com/2016/6/8/11880874/mossberg-jeff-bezos-code-conference.

117

“Is the Amazon Echo All Talk?” Consumer Reports, December 19, 2014, https://www.consumerreports.org/cro/news/2014/12/is-the-amazon-echo-all-talk/index.htm.

118

Jason Fell, “Why Amazon’s Voice-Activated Speaker ‘Echo’ Isn’t Worth Your Time or Money,” Entrepreneur, June 23, 2015, https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/247655.

119

Harry McCracken, “Echo and Alexa Are Two Years Old. Here’s What Amazon Has Learned So Far,” Fast Company, November 7, 2016, https://www.fastcompany.com/3065179/echo-and-alexa-are-two-years-old-heres-what-amazon-has-learned-so-far.

120

Todd Bishop, “Amazon Echo Adds Voice Controls for Spotify, iTunes, and Pandora, plus new ‘Simon Says’ Feature,” GeekWire, January 13, 2015, https://www.geekwire.com/2015/amazon-echo-adds-voice-controls-spotify-itunes-pandora-plus-new-simon-says-feature/.

121

Mark Bergen, “Jeff Bezos Says More Than 1,000 People Are Working on Amazon Echo and Alexa,” Recode, May 31, 2016, https://www.recode.net/2016/5/31/11825694/jeff-bezos-1000-people-amazon-echo-alexa.

122

“Amazon Introduces the Alexa Skills Kit — A Free SDK for Developers,” Amazon press release, June 25, 2015, https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150625005699/en/Amazon-Introduces-the-Alexa-Skills-Kit%E2%80%94A-Free-SDK-for-Developers.

123

Bret Kinsella, “There Are Now 20,000 Amazon Alexa Skills in the U.S.,” voicebot.ai, September 3, 2017, https://www.voicebot.ai/2017/09/03/now-20000-amazon-alexa-skills-u-s/.81 to more than 80,000 by 2021: Bret Kinsella, “Alexa Skill Counts Surpass 80K in US, Spain Adds the Most Skills, New Skill Rate Falls Globally,” voicebot.ai, January 14, 2021, https://voicebot.ai/2021/01/14/alexa-skill-counts-surpass-80k-in-us-spain-adds-the-most-skills-new-skill-introduction-rate-continues-to-fall-across-countries/.

124

Jonathan Vanian, “Amazon Has a Stunning Number of People Working on Alexa,” Fortune, September 27, 2017, https://fortune.com/2017/09/27/amazon-alexa-employees/.

125

“Tech Giants Will Probably Dominate Speakers and Headphones,” The Economist, December 2, 2017, https://www.economist.com/business/2017/12/02/tech-giants-will-probably-dominate-speakers-and-headphones.

126

Liv VerSchure, vice president for GE Applicances, quoted in Teena Maddox, “Amazon Alexa Will Now Talk to GE’s Connected Appliances in Smart Home Push,” TechRepublic, September 13, 2016, https://www.techrepublic.com/article/amazon-alexa-will-now-talk-to-ges-connected-appliances-in-smart-home-push/.

127

Dieter Bohn, The Verge, January 4, 2019, https://www.theverge.com/2019/1/4/18168565/amazon-alexa-devices-how-many-sold-number-100-million-dave-limp.

128

Ben McInnis, “Use the Alexa Connect Kit, Now Available, to Build Alexa-connected Devices More Easily, Quickly, and Economically,” Alexa Blogs, September 25, 2019, https://developer.amazon.com/blogs/alexa/post/03376e48-f33a-4664-b668-a94d5025dd8e/use-the-alexa-connect-kit-now-available-to-build-alexa-connected-devices-more-easily-quickly-and-economically.

129

Industry analyst Mark Vena, quoted in Parmy Olson, “At CES, Amazon Is Beating Google in the Smart Home Battle,” Forbes, January 11, 2018, https://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2018/01/11/amazon-is-beating-google-in-the-smart-home-battle-for-now/#43e40a183f99.

130

Jamie Grill-Goodman, “Amazon to ‘Double Down’ on Alexa Investment,” RIS News, February 5, 2018, https://risnews.com/amazon-double-down-alexa-investment.

131

Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos is listed as inventor on a number of patents, including “Movement recognition as input mechanism” (Patent number 8,788,977, filed November 20, 2008); “Viewer-based device control” (Patent number 8,922,480, filed March 5, 2010); and “Utilizing phrase tokens in transactions” (Patent number 9, 390, 416, filed March 14, 2013).

132

Unnamed developer, quoted in Joshua Brustein, “The Real Story of How Amazon Built the Echo,” Bloomberg, April 19, 2016, https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-amazon-echo/.

133

Gene Munster and Will Thompson, “Smart Speaker Macro-Model Update,” June 13, 2019, https://loupventures.com/smart-speaker-market-share-update/.

134

Monica Nickelsburg, “Microsoft to Sunset Cortana on iOS and Android in Pivot to ‘Productivity-focused’ Assistant,” GeekWire, July 31, 2020, https://www.geekwire.com/2020/Microsoft-sunset-cortana-ios-android-pivot-productivity-focused-assistant/.

135

Samsung executive vice president Injong Rhee, quoted in Arjun Kharpal, “Samsung Bixby Expands to over 200 Countries in Battle with Amazon Alexa, Apple Siri,” CNBC, August 22, 2017, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/22/samsung-bixby-expands-to-over-200-countries-in-battle-with-alexa-siri.html.

136

См. S. A. Blank. The Four Steps to the Epiphany: Successful Strategies for Products That Win (San Mateo, CA: CafePress.com Publishing, 2005) и Eric Ries. The Lean Startup (New York: Crown Business, 2011).

137

Поскольку миссис Уинфри сделала свое имя брендом, дальше в книге я буду называть ее Опрой. Прим. авт.

138

“The Oprah Winfrey Show to End September