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133

F. A. Miles, “The Neural Processing of 3-D Visual Information: Evidence from Eye Movements,” European Journal of Neuroscience 10 (1998): 811–822.

134

S. Hocken, Emma and I: The Beautiful Labrador Who Saved My Life (London: Ebury Press, 2011).

135

S. Holcomb and S. Eubanks, But Now I See: My Journey from Blindness to Olympic Gold (Dallas, TX: Benbella Books, Inc., 2013).

136

S. Hocken, Emma and I: The Beautiful Labrador Who Saved My Life (London: Ebury Press, 2011), 149.

137

J. McPhee, A Sense of Where You Are: A Profile of William Warren Bradley (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1978), 22.

138

E. C. Tolman, “Cognitive Maps in Rats and Men,” Psychological Review 55 (1948): 180–208.

139

K. Lorenz, Here Am I – Where Are You?: The Behavior of the Greylag Goose (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988), 18–20.

140

О том, что навыки ориентирования в пространстве не зависят от зрения см. R. L. Klatsky et al., “Performance of Blind and Sighted Persons on Spatial Tasks,” Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 89 (1995): 70–82.

141

R. M. Grieve and K. J. Jeffery, “The Representation of Space in the Brain,” Behavioural Processes 135 (2017): 113–131; C. G. Kentros et al., “Increased Attention to Spatial Context Increases Both Place Field Stability and Spatial Memory,” Neuron 42 (2004): 283–295; J. O’Keefe, and L. Nadel, The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978).

142

M. E. Arteberry and P. J. Kellman, Development of Perception in Infancy: The Cradle of Knowledge Revisited (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016); M. Arterberry, A. Yonas, and A. S. Bensen, “Self-Produced Locomotion and the Development of Responsiveness to Linear Perspective and Texture Gradients,” Developmental Psychology 25 (1989): 976–982; M. Kavsek, A. Yonas, and C. E. Granrud, “Infants’ Sensitivity to Pictorial Depth Cues: A Review and Meta-analysis of Looking Studies,” Infant Behavior and Development 35 (2012): 109–128; A. Tsuruhara et al., “The Development of the Ability of Infants to Utilize Static Cues to Create and Access Representations of Object Shape,” Journal of Vision 10 (2010), doi:10.1167/10.12.2; A. Yonas and C. E. Granrud, “Infants’ Perception of Depth from Cast Shadows,” Perception & Psychophysics 68 (2006): 154–160.

143

J. J. Gibson, The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, 1986).

144

Gibson, The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception.

145

Любопытно, что иллюзия Понцо обманула и пациентов проекта Пракаш всего через 48 часов после операции на удаление катаракты, которая подарила им зрение. Для них серые линии выглядели одинаковыми: as different sizes: T. Gandhi et al., “Immediate Susceptibility to Visual Illusions After Sight Onset,” Current Biology 25 (2015): R345–R361.

146

O. Sacks, “To See and Not See,” in An Anthropologist on Mars: Seven Paradoxical Tales (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995), 120–121.

147

V. S. Ramachandran, “Perceiving Shape from Shading,” Scientific American 259 (1988): 76–83.

148

M. Von Senden, Space and Sight: The Perception of Space and Shape in the Congenitally Blind Before and After Operation (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1960).

149

Arteberry and Kellman, Development of Perception in Infancy; Arterberry, Yonas, and Bensen, “Self-Produced Locomotion”; Kavsek, Yonas, and Granrud, “Infants’ Sensitivity to Pictorial Depth Cues”; Tsuruhara et al., “The Development of the Ability of Infants to Utilize Static Cues”; Yonas and Granrud, “Infants’ Perception of Depth from Cast Shadows.”

150

Эта цитата приписывается Хелен Келлер, но ее источник точно не установлен. Впрочем, Келлер иногда высказывала похожую идею. Например, в книге Helen Keller in Scotland: A Personal Record Written by Herself, ed. James Kerr Love (London: Methuen & Co., 1933) она писала: «Проблемы глухоты намного глубже и сложнее, нежели проблемы слепоты, а может быть и важнее. Глухота – намного большее несчастье, ибо она означает потерю самого жизненно важного – звука голоса, который несет с собой речь, приводит нашу мысль в движение и помогает нам оставаться в интеллектуальном сообществе людей». См. “FAQ: Deaf People in History: Quotes by Helen Keller,” Gallaudet University, http://libguides.gallaudet.edu/c.php?g=773975&p=5552566.

151

D. Wright, Deafness: An Autobiography (New York: Harper Perennial, 1993).

152

H. Keller, The Story of My Life: The Restored Edition, ed. J. Berger (New York: Modern Library, 2004).

153

S. Schaller, A Man Without Words (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).

154

M. Chorost, Rebuilt: How Becoming Part Computer Made Me More Human (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2005), 31.

155

L. Vygotsky, Thought and Language, ed. Alex Kozulin (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986).

156

J. Bruner, Child’s Talk (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., Inc., 1983).

157

O. Sacks, Seeing Voices: A Journey into the World of the Deaf (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).

158

H. Keller, The Story of My Life: The Restored Edition, ed. J. Berger (New York: Modern Library, 2004), 262.

159

J. Rosner, If a Tree Falls: A Family’s Quest to Hear and Be Heard (New York: Feminist Press, 2010), 65.

160

H. Keller, The Story of My Life: The Restored Edition, ed. J. Berger (New York: Modern Library, 2004).

161

H. Keller, The Story of My Life: The Restored Edition, ed. J. Berger (New York: Modern