Land, M. F. (1980) ‘Optics and vision in invertebrates’. In Handbook of Sensory Physiology. (Ed. H. Autrum.) VII/6B, 471–592. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Langton, C. G. (Ed.) (1989) Artificial Life. New York: Addison-Wesley.

Lawrence, P. A. (1992) The Making of a Fly. London: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

Leakey, R. (1994) The Origin of Humankind. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Lundell, A. (1989) Virus! The secret world of computer invaders that breed and destroy. Chicago: Contemporary Books.

Macdonald, D. (Ed.) (1984) The Encyclopedia of Mammals. (2 vols.) London: Allen and Unwin.

Margulis, L. (1981) Symbiosis in Cell Evolution. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

Maynard Smith, J. (1988) Did Darwin Get it Right? Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

Maynard Smith, J. (1993) The Theory of Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Maynard Smith, J., and Szathnvry, E. (1995) The Major Transitions in Evolution. Oxford: Freeman/Spektrum.

Meeuse, B., and Morris, S. (1984) The Sex Life of Plants. London: Faber and Faber.

Meinhardt, H. (1995) The Algorithmic Beauty of Sea Shells. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Moore, R. C, Lalicker, C. G., and Fischer, A. G. (1952) Invertebrate Fossils. New York: McGrawHill.

Nesse, R., and Williams, G. C. (1995) Evolution and Healing: The New Science of Darwinian Medicine. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Also published as Why We Get Sick by Random House, New York.

Nilsson, D.‐E. (1989) ‘Vision, optics and evolution’. Bioscience, 39, 298–307.

Nilsson, D.‐E. (1989) ‘Optics and evolution of the compound eye’. In Facets of Vision. (Eds. D. G. Stavenga and R. C. Hardie.) Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Nilsson, D.‐E., and Pelger, S. (1994) A pessimistic estimate of the time required for an eye to evolve’. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B, 256, 53–8.

Orgel, L. E. (1973) The Origins of Life. London: Chapman and Hall.

Pennycuick, C. J. (1972) Animal Flight. London: Edward Arnold.

Pennycuick, C. J. (1992) Newton Rules Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Pinker, S. (1994) The Language Instinct. Harmondsworth: Viking.

Provine, W. B. (1986) Sewall Wright and Evolutionary Biology. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Raff, R. A., and Kaufman, T. C. (1983) Embryos, Genes and Evolution. New York: Macmillan.

Raup, D. M. (1966) ‘Geometric analysis of shell coiling: general problems’. Journal of Paleontology, 40, 1178–90.

Raup, D. M. (1967) ‘Geometric analysis of shell coiling: coiling in ammonoids’. Journal of Paleontology, 41, 43–65.

Ridley, Mark (1993) Evolution. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

Ridley, Matt (1993) The Red Queen: Sex and the evolution of human nature. Harmondsworth: Viking.

Robinson, M. H. (1991) ‘Niko Tinbergen, comparative studies and evolution’. In The Tinbergen Legacy. (Eds. M. S. Dawkins, T. R. Halliday, and R. Dawkins.) London: Chapman and Hall.

Ruse, M. (1982) Darwinism Defended. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.

Sagan, C, and Druyan, A. (1992) Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors. New York: Random House.

Salvini-Plawen, L. v. and Mayr, E. (1977) ‘On the evolution of photoreceptors and eyes’. In Evolutionary Biology. (Eds. M. K. Hecht, W. C. Steere, and B. Wallace.) 10, 207–63. New York: Plenum.

Terzopoulos, D., Tu, X., and Grzeszczuk, R. (1995) Artificial fishes: autonomous locomotion, perception, behavior, and learning in a simulated physical world’. Artificial Life, 1, 327–51.

Thomas, K. (1983) Man and the Natural World: Changing Attitudes in England 1500–1800. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

Thompson, D. A. (1942) On Growth and Form. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Trivers, R. L. (1985) Social Evolution. Menlo Park: Benjamin/Cummings.

Vermeij, G. J. (1993) A Natural History of Shells. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Vollrath, F. (1988) ‘Untangling the spider’s web’. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 3, 331–5.

Vollrath, F. (1992) ‘Analysis and interpretation of orb spider exploration and web-building behavior’. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 21, 147–99.

Vollrath, F. (1992) ‘Spider webs and silks’. Scientific American, 266, 70–76.

Watson, J. D., Hopkins, N. H., Roberts, J. W, Steitz, J. A., and Weiner, A. M. (1987) Molecular Biology of the Gene (4th edn). Menlo Park: Benjamin/Cummings.

Weiner, J. (1994) The Beak of the Finch. London: Jonathan Cape.

Williams, G. C. (1992) Natural Selection: Domains, Levels and Challenges. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Wilson, E. O. (1971) The Insect Societies. Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Wolpert, L. (1991) The Triumph of the Embryo. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Wright, S. (1932) ‘The roles of mutation, inbreeding, crossbreeding and selection in evolution’. Proceedings 6th International Congress of Genetics, 1, 356–66.