41 Skoglund et al. “Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure”.

42 P. Ralph, G. Coop. “Parallel Adaptation: One or Many Waves of Advance of an Advantageous Allele?”, Genetics 186 (2010): 647–668.

43 S. A. Tishkoff et al. “Convergent Adaptation of Human Lactase Persistence in Africa and Europe”, Nature Genetics 39 (2007): 31–40.

44 Ralph, Coop. “Parallel Adaptation”.

Глава 10. Геномика неравенства

1 P. Wade. Race and Ethnicity in Latin America (London and New York: Pluto Press, 2010).

2 Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, www.slavevoyages.org/assess- ment/ estimates

3 K. Bryc et al. “The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans Across the United States”, American Journal of Human Genetics 96 (2015): 37–53.

4 А. Piers. Race Against Time (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1973).

5 Первая государственная перепись в 1790 г. зарегистрировала в Виргинии 292627 рабов-мужчин, а общее число мужчин в штате составляло 747610; данные с сайта www.nationalgeographic.org/ media/us-census-1790/

6 J. D. Rothman. Notorious in the Neighborhood: Sex and Families Across the Color Line in Virginia, 1787–1861 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003).

7 E. A. Foster et al. “Jefferson Fathered Slave’s Last Child”, Nature 396 (1998): 27–28.

8 “Statement on the TJMF Research Committee Report on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings”, January 26, 2000, в свободном доступе на сайте https://www.monticello.org/sites/default/files/ inline-pdfs/jefferson-hemings_report.pdf

9 M. Hemings. “Life Among the Lowly, No. 1”, Pike County (Ohio) Republican, March 13, 1873.

10 E. J. Parra et al. “Ancestral Proportions and Admixture Dynamics in Geographically Defined African Americans Living in South Carolina”, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 114 (2001): 18–29.

11 Там же.

12 Bryc et al. “Genetic Ancestry”.

13 J. N. Fenner. “Cross-Cultural Estimation of the Human Generation Interval for Use in Genetics-Based Population Divergence Studies”, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 128 (2005): 415–423.

14 D. Morgan. The Mongols (Malden, MA, and Oxford: Blackwell, 2007).

15 T. Zerjal et al. “The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols”, American Journal of Human Genetics 72 (2003): 717–721.

16 L. T. Moore et al. “A Y-Chromosome Signature of Hegemony in Gaelic Ireland”, American Journal of Human Genetics 78 (2006): 334–338.

17 S. Lippold et al. “Human Paternal and Maternal Demographic Histories: Insights from High-Resolution Y Chromosome and mtDNA Sequences”, Investigative Genetics 5 (2014): 13; M. Karmin et al. “A Recent Bottleneck of Y Chromosome Diversity Coincides with a Global Change in Culture”, Genome Research 25 (2015): 459–466.

18 Там же.

19 A. Sherratt. “Plough and Pastoralism: Aspects of the Secondary Products Revolution”, in Pattern of the Past: Studies in Honour of David Clarke, ed. Ian Hodder, Glynn Isaac, Norman Hammond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 261–306.

20 D. W. Anthony. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How BronzeAge Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007).

21 W. Haak et al. “Massive Migration from the Steppe Was a Source for Indo-European Languages in Europe”, Nature 522 (2015): 207–211; M. E. Allentoft et al. “Population Genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia”, Nature 522 (2015): 167–172.

22 E. Murphy, A. Khokhlov. “A Bioarchaeological Study of Prehistoric Populations from the Volga Region” in: A Bronze Age Landscape in the Russian Steppes: The Samara Valley Project, Monumenta Archaeologica 37, ed. David W. Anthony, Dorcas R. Brown, Aleksandr A. Khokhlov, Pavel V. Kuznetsov, Oleg D. Mochalov (Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, 2016), 149–216.

23 M. Gimbutas. The Prehistory of Eastern Europe, Part I: Mesolithic, Neolithic and Copper Age Cultures in Russia and the Baltic Area (American School of Prehistoric Research, Harvard University, Bulletin No. 20) (Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum, 1956).

24 Haak et al. “Massive Migration”.

25 R. S. Wells et al. “The Eurasian Heartland: A Continental Perspective on Y-Chromosome Diversity”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 98 (2001): 10244–10249.

26 R. Martiniano et al. “The Population Genomics of Archaeological Transition in West Iberia: Investigation of Ancient Substructure Using Imputation and Haplotype-Based Methods”, PLoS Genetics 13 (2017): e1006852.

27 M. Silva et al. “A Genetic Chronology for the Indian Subcontinent Points to Heavily Sex-Biased Dispersals”, BMC Evolutionary Biology 17 (2017): 88.

28 Martiniano et al. “West Iberia”; неопубликованные результаты лаборатории Дэвида Райха.

29 J. A. Tennessen et al. “Evolution and Functional Impact of Rare Coding Variation from Deep Sequencing of Human Exomes”, Science 337 (2012): 64–69.

30 A. Keinan, J. C. Mullikin, N. Patterson, D. Reich. “Accelerated Genetic Drift on Chromosome X During the Human Dispersal out of Africa”, Nature Genetics 41 (2009): 66–70; A. Keinan, D. Reich. “Can a Sex-Biased Human Demography Account for the Reduced Effective Population Size of Chromosome X in Non-Africans?”, Molecular Biology and Evolution 27 (2010): 2312–2321.

31 P. Verdu et al. “Sociocultural Behavior, Sex-Biased Admixture, and Effective Population Sizes in Central African Pygmies and NonPygmies”, Molecular Biology and Evolution 30 (2013): 918–937.

32 S. Mallick et al. “The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations”, Nature 538 (2016): 201–206.

33 L. G. Carvajal-Carmona et al. “Strong Amerind/White Sex Bias and a Possible Sephardic Contribution Among the Founders of a Population in Northwest Colombia”, American Journal of Human Genetics 67 (2000): 1287–1295.

34 Bedoya et al. “Admixture Dynamics in Hispanics: A Shift in the Nuclear Genetic Ancestry of a South American Population Isolate”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 103 (2006): 7234–7239.

35 P. Moorjani et al. “Genetic Evidence for Recent Population Mixture in India”, American Journal of Human Genetics 93 (2013): 422–438.

36 M. Bamshad et al. “Genetic Evidence on the Origins of In dian Caste Populations”, Genome Research 11 (2001): 994–1004; D. Reich et al. “Reconstructing Indian Population History”, Nature 461 (2009): 489–944.