1991), 15; Joan Casanovas, «Slavery, the Labour Movement and Spanish Colonialism in Cuba, 1850–1890,» International Review of Social History 40, no. 3 (1995): 373–374.

64 B.W.Higman, «The Chinese in Trinidad, 1806–1838,» Caribbean Studies 12, no. 3 (1972): 26–28, 42; Alan H.Adamson, Sugar without Slaves: The Political Economy of British Guiana, 1838–1904 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1972), 42.

65 Madhavi Kale, «‘Capital Spectacles in British Frames’: Capital, Empire and Indian Indentured Migration to the British Caribbean,» International Review of Social History 41, suppl. 4 (1996): 123.

66 Saylor, «Probing the Historical Sources,» 471; Great Britain Parliament and House of Commons, The Sugar Question: Being a Digest of the Evidence Taken before the Committee on Sugar and Coffee Plantations… (London: Smith, Elder, 1848), 34.

67 Walton Look Lai, Indentured Labor, Caribbean Sugar: Chinese and Indian Migrants to the British West Indies, 1838–1918 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), 157–158, 184–187; R.W.Beachey, The British West Indies Sugar Industry in the Late 19th Century (Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1957), 107.

68 J.H.Galloway, The Sugar Cane Industry: An Historical Geography from Its Origins to 1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 175.

69 G.W.Roberts and J.A.Byrne, Summary Statistics on Indenture and Associated Migration Affecting the West Indies, 1834–1918 (London: Population Investigation Committee, 1966), 127.

70 Roberts and Byrne, Summary Statistics, 127.

71 John McDonald and Ralph Shlomowitz, «Mortality on Chinese and Indian Voyages to the West Indies and South America, 1847–1874,» Social and Economic Studies 41, no. 2 (1992): 211; Watt Stewart, Chinese Bondage in Peru: A History of the Chinese Coolie in Peru, 1849–1874 (Chicago: Muriwai Books, 2018), 17–22, 37–38.

72 Lisa Lee Yun, The Coolie Speaks: Chinese Indentured Laborers and African Slaves in Cuba (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2009), 17, 29, 31, 83, 84, 140, 148, 149.

73 Peter Klaren, «The Sugar Industry in Peru,» Revista de Indias 65, no. 233 (2005): 37; Michael J. Gonzales, «Economic Crisis, Chinese Workers and the Peruvian Sugar Planters 1875–1900: A Case Study of Labour and the National Elite,» in Crisis and Change in the International Sugar Economy 1860–1914, ed. Bill Albert and Adrian Graves (Norwich, England: ISC Press, 1984), 188–189, 192.

74 Bosma, The Sugar Plantation, 93–94.

75 См.: G.R.Knight, «From Plantation to Padi-Field: The Origins of the Nineteenth Century Transformation of Java’s Sugar Industry,» Modern Asian Studies, no. 2 (1980): 177–204.

76 J.Van den Bosch, «Advies van den Luitenant-Generaal van den Bosch over het Stelsel van Kolonisatie,» in Het Koloniaal Monopoliestelsel Getoetst aan Geschiedenis en Staatshuishoudkunde, ed. D.C.Steijn Parvé (Zalt-Bommel, the Netherlands: Joh. Noman en Zoon, 1851), 316–317.

77 Knight, «From Plantation to Padi-Field,» 192; G.H.van Soest, Geschiedenis van het Kultuurstelsel, 3 vols. (Rotterdam: Nijgh, 1871), 2:124–125, 145.

78 Jan Luiten van Zanden, «Linking Two Debates: Money Supply, Wage Labour, and Economic Development in Java in the Nineteenth Century,» in Wages and Currency: Global Comparisons from Antiquity to the Twentieth Century, ed. Jan Lucassen (Bern: Lang, 2007), 181–182.

79 Ulbe Bosma, «Migration and Colonial Enterprise in Nineteenth Century Java,» in Globalising Migration History, ed. Leo Lucassen and Jan Lucassen (Leiden: Brill, 2014), 157.

80 Saylor, «Probing the Historical Sources,» 471.

81 Van Soest, Geschiedenis van het Kultuurstelsel, 3:135.

82 См.: Pim de Zwart, Daniel Gallardo-Albarrán, and Auke Rijpma, «The Demographic Effects of Colonialism: Forced Labor and Mortality in Java, 1834–1879,» Journal of Economic History 82, no. 1 (2022): 211–249.

83 Bosma, The Sugar Plantation, 100–118.

84 Ulbe Bosma, «The Discourse on Free Labour and the Forced Cultivation System: The Contradictory Consequences of the Abolition of Slave Trade for Colonial Java 1811–1863,» in Humanitarian Intervention and Changing Labor Relations: The Long-Term Consequences of the British Act on the Abolition of the Slave Trade (1807), ed. M.van der Linden (Leiden: Brill, 2010), 410–411; Bosma, The Sugar Plantation, 111.

85 Bosma, «The Discourse,» 413.

86 Bosma, «The Discourse,» 413–414.

87 Bosma, The Sugar Plantation, 112.

88 См.: Clifford Geertz, Agricultural Involution: The Process of Ecological Change in Indonesia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966).

89 Ulbe Bosma, «Multatuli, the Liberal Colonialists and Their Attacks on the Patrimonial Embedding of Commodity Production of Java,» in Embedding Agricultural Commodities: Using Historical Evidence, 1840s–1940s., ed. Willem van Schendel (London: Routledge, 2016), 46–49.

90 Arthur van Schaik, «Bitter and Sweet: One Hundred Years of the Sugar Industry in Comal,» in Beneath the Smoke of the Sugar-Mill: Javanese Coastal Communities during the Twentieth Century, ed. Hiroyoshi Hiroyoshi Kano, Frans Hüsken, and Djoko Suryo (Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Gadjah Mada University Press, 2001), 64.

91 Josef Opatrný, «Los cambios socio-económicos y el medio ambiente: Cuba, primera mitad del siglo XIX,» Revista de Indias 55, no. 207 (1996): 369–370, 384.

92 Michael Zeuske, «Arbeit und Zucker in Amerika versus Arbeit und Zucker in Europa (ca. 1840–1880); Grundlinien eines Vergleichs,» Comparativ 4, no. 4 (2017): 62. О Яве, см.: Handelingen van de Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal, Koloniaal Verslag (1900), 89. Reinaldo Funes Monzote, From Rainforest to Cane Field in Cuba an Environmental History since 1492 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 133, 144–153, 171.

93 См.: Alvaro Reynoso, Ensayo sober el cultivo de la caña de azucar (Madrid, 1865); Funes Monzote, From Rainforest to Cane Field, 154–155.

94 J.Sibinga Mulder, De Rietsuikerindustrie op Java (Haarlem: H.D.Tjeenk Willink, 1929), 39.

95 Bosma, The Sugar Plantation, 159–160.

96 См.: Dale Tomich, «The Second Slavery and World Capitalism: A Perspective for Historical Inquiry,» International Review of Social History 63, no. 3 (2018): 477–501.

97 В Луизиане на сахарных плантациях работало 139 тысяч рабов из общего числа в 229 тысяч человек; на Кубе – примерно 300 тысяч; в Пуэрто-Рико – 50 тысяч; и в Суринаме – 18 тысяч. Что касается Бразилии, то Гэллоуэй предполагает, что большая часть из 350 тысяч рабов, находившихся в юго-восточнойчасти страны, тоже трудились на сахарных плантациях. Рейс утверждает, чтов Пернамбуку, в прибрежной области, так называемой Зона да Мата, почти 70 % рабов были напрямую вовлечены в сахарную экономику, а кроме того, рабы участвовали в производстве сахара возле Рио-де-Жанейро. Таким образом, цифра в 280 тысяч рабов для Бразилии кажется правдоподобным допущением. J.H.Galloway, «The Last Years of Slavery on the