1900–1921 (San Juan, Puerto Rico: La Editorial, 2010), 69; Ulbe Bosma, «Sugar and Dynasty in Yogyakarta,» in Sugarlandia Revisited: Sugar and Colonialism in Asia and the Americas, 1800–1940, ed. U.Bosma, J.R.Giusti-Cordero, and R.G.Knight (New York: Berghahn Books, 2007), 90.

21 Christian Schnakenbourg, «La création des usines en Guadeloupe (1843–1884),» Bulletin de la Societé d’Histoire de la Guadeloupe, no. 141 (2005): 63–64, 71–74; Beachey, The British West Indies, 33.

22 Cecilia Karch, «From the Plantocracy to B.S.&T.: Crisis and Transformation of the Barbadian Socioeconomy, 1865–1937,» in Emancipation IV: A Series of Lectures to Commemorate the 150th Anniversary of Emancipation, ed. Woodville Marshall (Kingston, Jamaica: Canoe Press, 1993), 38–43.

23 Wikipedia, s.v. «Julio de Apezteguía y Tarafa.» См. также: Rodrigo y Alharilla, «Los ingenios.»

24 Teresita Martínez-Vergne, Capitalism in Colonial Puerto Rico: Central San Vicente in Late Nineteenth Century (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1992), 74, 90–92, 98–100.

25 См.: Roger Knight, «Family Firms, Global Networks and Transnational Actors,» Low Countries Historical Review 133, no. 2 (2018): 27–51.

26 John Paul Rathbone, The Sugar King of Havana: The Rise and Fall of Julio Lobo, Cuba’s Last Tycoon (New York: Penguin, 2010), 69. См. также: Edwin Farnsworth Atkins, Sixty Years in Cuba: Reminiscences… (Cambridge: Riverside Press, 1926).

27 Peter F.Klarén, Modernization: Dislocation, and Aprismo: Origins of the Peruvian Aprista party, 1870–1932 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1973), 15.

28 См. например: García Muñiz, Sugar and Power, 149–155.

29 William Kauffman Scarborough, Masters of the Big House: Elite Slaveholders of the Mid-Nineteenth-Century South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003), 40; Atkins, Sixty Years in Cuba, 50.

30 Martín Rodrigo y Alharilla, «From Periphery to Centre: Transatlantic Capital Flows, 1830–1890,» in The Caribbean and the Atlantic World Economy: Circuits of Trade, Money and Knowledge, 1650–1914, ed. Adrian Leonard and David Pretel (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), 218, 225; Mattei, «The Plantations of the Southern Coast,» 374–375.

31 Широкая подборка наглядных доказательств приведена, к примеру, в источнике: Peter Post and M.L.M.Thio, The Kwee Family of Ciledug: Family, Status and Modernity in Colonial Java (Volendam, the Netherlands: LM Publishers, 2019).

32 Gilberto Freyre, Order and Progress: Brazil from Monarchy to Republic (New York: Knopf, 1970), 279–280; Gilberto Freyre, The Mansions and the Shanties (Sobrados e Mucambos): The Making of Modern Brazil (New York: A.A.Knopf, 1968), 355.

33 Sven Beckert, The Monied Metropolis: New York City and the Consolidation of the American Bourgeoisie, 1850–1896 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 33.

34 Freyre, Mansions, 97; Scarborough, Masters of the Big House, 107, 124.

35 Слово «хоуле» относится к потомкам этих миссионеров (или других американских и европейских иммигрантов). Castle&Cooke, The First 100 Years: A Report on the Operations of Castle&Cooke for the Years 1851–1951 (Honolulu, 1951), 10; MacLennan, Sovereign Sugar, 88–89.

36 Klarén, Modernisation, 16–20.

37 Jacob Adler, Claus Spreckels: The Sugar King in Hawaii (Honolulu: Mutual, 1966), 52, 54, 63–65.

38 Jacob Adler, «The Oceanic Steamship Company: A Link in Claus Spreckels’ Hawaiian Sugar Empire,» Pacific Historical Review 29, no. 3 (1960): 257, 259, 261–262; Adler, Claus Spreckels, 73–78, 112–126.

39 Adler, Claus Spreckels, 99, 158, 183.

40 Adler, Claus Spreckels, 159–213.

41 MacLennan, Sovereign Sugar, 95–96; Adler, Claus Spreckels, 83–85.

42 US Congress, National Labor Relations Act: Hearings before the United States House Special Committee to Investigate National Labor Relations Board, Seventy-Sixth Congress, Third Session, on May 2, 3, 1940. Volume 22 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1973), 4525–4226; Adler, «The Oceanic Steamship Company,» 269; Adler, Claus Spreckels, 127; Castle&Cooke, The First 100 Years, 27–28.

43 Filomeno V.Aguilar, Clash of Spirits: The History of Power and Sugar Planter Hegemony on a Visayan Island (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1998), 207–208.

44 См.: Violeta B.Lopez Gonzaga, Crisis in Sugarlandia: The Planters’ Differential Perceptions and Responses and Their Impact on Sugarcane Workers’ Households (Bacolod City, Philippines: La Salle Social Research Center, 1986).

45 Alfred W.McCoy, «Sugar Barons: Formation of a Native Planter Class in the Colonial Philippines,» Journal of Peasant Studies 19, nos. 3–4 (1992): 114.

46 Peter Klaren, «The Sugar Industry in Peru,» Revista de Indias 65, no. 233 (2005): 39.

47 Ellen D.Tillman, Dollar Diplomacy by Force: Nation-Building and Resistance in the Dominican Republic (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016), 189.

48 Rudolf Freund, «Strukturwandlungen der internationalen Zuckerwirtschaft: Aus dem Institut für Weltwirtschaft und Seeverkehr,» Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 28 (1928): 32.

49 Barak Kushner, «Sweetness and Empire: Sugar Consumption in Imperial Japan,» in The Historical Consumer: Consumption and Everyday Life in Japan, 1850–2000, ed. Penelope Francks and Janet Hunter (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), 131–132.

50 Kozo Yamamura, «The Role of the Merchant Class as Entrepreneurs and Capitalists in Meiji Japan,» Vierteljahrschrift für Sozialund Wirtschaftsgeschichte 56, no. 1 (1969): 115–118; Johannes Hirschmeier, The Origins of Entrepreneurship in Meiji Japan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013), 266–267.

51 G.R.Knight, Commodities and Colonialism: The Story of Big Sugar in Indonesia, 1880–1942 (Leiden: Brill, 2013), 46.

52 См.: G.Roger Knight, Trade and Empire in Early Nineteenth-Century Southeast Asia: Gillian Maclaine and His Business Network (Roydon, England: Boydell Press, 2015), 170.

53 Как правило, чистота сахара выражается в степени поляризации. Заводской белый сахар близок к 99° поляризации, а чистый сахар – почти к 100°.

54 Bosma, The Sugar Plantation, 169–171; Robert Marks, Rural Revolution in South China: Peasants and the Making of History in Haifeng County, 1570–1930 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984), 107.

55 См., например: James Carlton Ingram, Economic Change in Thailand since 1850 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1955), 124–125.

56 Lynn Hollen Lees, Planting Empire, Cultivating Subjects: British Malaya, 1786–1941 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2019), 24–37, 175.

57 См.: Ulbe Bosma and Bas van Leeuwen, «Regional Variation in the GDP Per Capita of Colonial Indonesia 1870–1930,» Cliometrica (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11698-022-00252-x.

58 O.Posthumus, «Java-Riet in het Buitenland,» Archief voor de Suikerindustrie in Ned.-Indië 36, no. 2 (1928): 1149; Shephard, «The Sugar Industry,» 151; Peter Griggs, «‘Rust’ Disease Outbreaks and Their Impact on the Queensland Sugar Industry, 1870–1880,» Agricultural History 69, no. 3 (1995): 427; Ulbe Bosma and Jonathan Curry-Machado, «Turning Javanese: The Domination of Cuba’s Sugar Industry by