74 Michael S.Billig, «The Rationality of Growing Sugar in Negros,» Philippine Studies 40, no. 2 (1992): 165.

75 Philippe Grenier, «The Alcohol Plan and the Development of Northeast Brazil,» GeoJournal 11, no. 1 (1985): 64; C.R.Dabat, «Sugar Cane ‘Plantations’ in Pernambuco: From ‘Natural Vocation’ to Ethanol Production,» Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 34, nos. 1–2 (2011): 134; Barbara Nunberg, «Structural Change and State Policy: The Politics of Sugar in Brazil since 1964,» Latin American Research Review. 21, no. 2 (1986): 59.

76 См.: Madhav Godbole, «Co-Operative Sugar Factories in Maharashtra: Case for a Fresh Look,» Economic and Political Weekly 35, no. 6 (2000): 420–424.

77 Bosma, The Sugar Plantation, 248–249, 260; «About Us,» Birla Sugar, дата обращения: 17.04.2022, https://www.indiamart.com/birla-sugarkolkata/aboutus.html.

78 Donna L.Chollett, «From Sugar to Blackberries: Restructuring Agro-Export Production in Michoacán, Mexico,» Latin American Perspectives 36, no. 3 (2009): 82. См. также: Donna L.Chollett, «Renouncing the Mexican Revolution: Double Jeopardy within the Sugar Sector,» Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development 23, nos. 2–3 (1994): 121–169.

13. Корпоративный сахар

1 Donald F.Larson and Brent Borrell, Sugar Policy and Reform (Washington, DC: World Bank, Development Research Group, Rural Development, 2001), 3.

2 См.: Stephen Haley, Sugar and Sweetener Situation and Outlook Report (Washington, DC: Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, January 2000), 24–39; Richard Gibb, «Developing Countries and Market Access: The Bitter-Sweet Taste of the European Union’s Sugar Policy in Southern Africa,» Journal of Modern African Studies 42, no. 4 (2004): 569, 570.

3 Penny Fowler and Rian Fokker, «A Sweeter Future: The Potential for EU Sugar Reform to Contribute to Poverty Reduction in Southern Africa,» Oxfam Policy and Practice: Agriculture, Food and Land 4, no. 3 (2004): 4.

4 Gibb, «Developing Countries and Market Access,» 578; Andrew Schmitz, Troy G.Schmitz, and Frederick Rossi, «Agricultural Subsidies in Developed Countries: Impact on Global Welfare,» Review of Agricultural Economics 28, no. 3 (2006): 422; Won W.Koo, «Alternative U.S. and EU Sugar Trade Liberalization Policies and Their Implications,» Review of Agricultural Economics 24, no. 2 (2002): 348.

5 Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, «The Peasantries of the Twenty-First Century: The Commoditisation Debate Revisited,» Journal of Peasant Studies 37, no. 1 (2010): 18.

6 Цифра в $56 млрд в качестве общей величины субсидий упоминается в источнике: by Gawali Suresh, «Distortions in World Sugar Trade,» Economic and Political Weekly 38, no. 43 (2003): 4513.

7 «ILO Global Farm Worker Issues,» Rural Migration News 9, no. 4 (October 2003), https://migration.ucdavis.edu/rmn/more.php?id=785.

8 Alicia H.Lazzarini, «Gendered Labour, Migratory Labour: Reforming Sugar Regimes in Xinavane, Mozambique,» Journal of Southern African Studies 43, no. 3 (2017): 621–622.

9 См., например: «Colombia: Sugar Cane Harvesters Demand Rights at Work,» International Trade Union Confederation, September 25, 2008, https://www.ituc-csi.org/colombia-sugar-cane-harvesters?lang=en.

10 Edward Suchman et al., «An Experiment in Innovation among Sugar Cane Cutters in Puerto Rico,» Human Organization Human Organization 26, no. 4 (1967): 215. См. также: Allan S.Queiroz and Raf Vanderstraeten, «Unintended Consequences of Job Formalisation: Precarious work in Brazil’s Sugarcane Plantations,» International Sociology 33, no. 1 (2018): 128–146.

11 Julie Lynn Coronado and Raymond Robertson, «Inter-American Development and the NAFTA: Implications of Liberalized Trade for the Caribbean Sugar Industry,» Caribbean Studies 29, no. 1 (1996): 128.

12 Wikipedia s.v., «The Price of Sugar (2007 Film),» дата обращения: 17.04.2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The Price of Sugar (2007 film); «Who Are the Richest Entrepreneurs in Central America and the Dominican Republic?» Dominican Today, June 29, 2020, https://dominicantoday.com/dr/economy/2020/06/29/who-are-the-richest-entrepreneurs-in-central-america-and-the-dominican-republic/.

13 Amy Serrano, «A Black Camera Interview: Documentary Practice as Political Intervention: The Case of „Sugar Babies“: A Conversation With,» Black Camera 22–23 (2008): 39.

14 Serrano, «A Black Camera Interview,» 35.

15 Anthony W.Pereira, «Agrarian Reform and the Rural Workers’ Unions of the Pernambuco Sugar Zone, Brazil 1985–1988,» Journal of Developing Areas (1992): 173–175, 178, 188.

16 Eduardo Simoes and Inae Riveras, «Amnesty Condemns Forced Cane Labor in Brazil,» Reuters, May 29, 2008, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-amnesty-cane/amnesty-condemns-forced-cane-labor-in-brazil-idUSN2844873820080528; Queiroz and Vanderstraeten, «Unintended Consequences,» 137–138.

17 Dionne Bunsha, «Machines That Mow Down Migrants,» Dionne Bunsha (blog), March 31, 2007, https://dionnebunsha.wordpress.com/2007/03/31/machines-that-mow-down-migrants; Saturnino M.Borras, David Fig, and Sofía Monsalve Suárez, «The Politics of Agrofuels and Mega-Land and Water Deals: Insights from the ProCana Case, Mozambique,» Review of African Political Economy 38, no. 128 (2011): 221, 224.

18 Terry Macalister, «Sun Sets on Brazil’s Sugar-Cane Cutters,» Guardian, June 5, 2008, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/jun/05/biofuels.carbonemissions.

19 См.: Jussara dos Santos Rosendo, «Social Impacts with the End of the Manual Sugarcane Harvest: A Case Study in Brazil,» Sociology International Journal 1, no. 4 (2017): 121–125.

20 «Migrant Workers, Super-Exploitation and Identity: Case of Sugarcane Cutters in Gujarat,» Economic and Political Weekly 23, no. 23 (1988): 1153. См. также: Jan Breman, «Seasonal Migration and Co-Operative Capitalism: The Crushing of Cane and of Labour by the Sugar Factories of Bardoli, South Gujarat,» Journal of Peasant Studies 6, no. 1 (1978): 41–70; no. 2 (1979): 168–209.

21 Pooja Adhikari and Vani Shree, «Human Cost of Sugar: Living and Working Conditions of Migrant Cane Cutters in Maharashtra,» Oxfam India Discussion Paper, February 3, 2020, https://d1ns4ht6ytuzzo.cloudfront.net/oxfamdata/oxfamdatapublic/2021-02/Human%2 °Cost%20of%20Sugar_Maharashtra%2 °Case-2.pdf?33ji.96dQfp5xHQ9svf-wmnaSKE_ywIEC.

22 Manfred Pohl, Die Geschichte der Sьdzucker AG 1926–2001 (Munich: Piper, 2001), 127.

23 См., например: Alexander Claver and G.Roger Knight, «A European Role in IntraAsian Commercial Development: The Maclaine Watson Network and the Java Sugar Trade c. 1840–1942,» Business History 60, no. 2 (2018): 202–230.

24 John Paul Rathbone, The Sugar King of Havana: The Rise and Fall of Julio Lobo, Cuba’s Last Tycoon (New York: Penguin, 2010), 111–113.

25 Ulbe Bosma, «Up and Down the Chain: Sugar Refiners’ Responses to Changing Food Regimes,» in Navigating History: Economy, Society, Knowledge and Nature, ed. Pepijn Brandon, Sabine Go, and Wybren Verstegen (Leiden: Boston: Brill, 2018), 267; Al Imfeld, Zucker (Zurich: Unionsverlag, 1986), 77–82.

26 Frederick F.Clairmonte and John H.Cavanagh, «World Commodities Trade: Changing Role of Giant Trading Companies,» Economic and Political Weekly 23, no. 42 (1988): 2156; Thomas Braunschweig, Alice Kohli, and Silvie Lang, Agricultural Commodity Traders in Switzerland – Benefitting from Misery? (Lausanne, Switzerland: Public Eye, 2019), 5.

27 Philippe Chalmin, The