33 Perkins, «Sugar Production,» 31.

34 Julia Csergo, «Food Consumption and Risk of Obesity: The Medical Discourse in France 1850–1930,» in The Rise of Obesity in Europe: A Twentieth Century Food History, ed. Derek J.Oddy, P.J.Atkins, and Virginie Amilien (Farnham, England: Ashgate, 2009), 169–170; Martin Bruegel, «A Bourgeois Good?: Sugar, Norms of Consumption and the Labouring Classes in Nineteenth-Century France,» in Food, Drink and Identity: Cooking, Eating and Drinking in Europe since the Middle Ages, ed. Peter Scholliers (Oxford: Berg, 2001), 107–110; Maurice Halbwachs, L’évolution des besoins dans les classes ouvriиres (Paris: F. Alcan, 1933), 122.

35 Hans Jürgen Teuteberg and Günter Wiegelmann, Der Wandel der Nahrungsgewohnheiten unter dem Einfluss der Industrialisierung (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1972), 299.

36 Halbwachs, L’évolution des besoins, 122; Bruegel, «A Bourgeois Good?» 111.

37 Perkins, «Sugar Production,» 32; Siegmund Ziegler, «Die Weltzuckerproduktion während des Krieges und der Zuckerpreis,» Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 15 (1919): 53–54; Kawash, Candy, 105.

38 Merleaux, Sugar and Civilization, 59, 65, 68–69; Kawash, Candy, 107.

39 Barak Kushner, «Sweetness and Empire: Sugar Consumption in Imperial Japan,» in The Historical Consumer: Consumption and Everyday Life in Japan, 1850–2000, ed. Penelope Francks and Janet Hunter (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), 140–141.

40 Rappaport, A Thirst for Empire, 122, 139, 152.

41 Joe Bertram Frantz, «Infinite Pursuit: The Story of Gail Borden» (PhD diss., University of Texas, 1948), 68–69.

42 Laura Mason, Sweets and Candy: A Global History (London: Reaktion Books, 2018), 83–86.

43 Goldstein, The Oxford Companion, 753; Harvey Washington Wiley, Foods and Their Adulteration: Origin, Manufacture, and Composition of Food Products: Infants’ and Invalids’ Foods: Detection of Common Adulterations (Philadelphia: P.Blakiston’s Son, 1917), 485.

44 Gail Hollander, «Re-Naturalizing Sugar: Narratives of Place, Production and Consumption,» Social&Cultural Geography 4, no. 1 (2003): 64.

45 Kawash, Candy, 98, 112.

46 Kawash, Candy, 55, 67.

47 Warner, Sweet Stuff, 44, 109–119, 133.

48 Wiley, Foods and Their Adulteration, 470.

49 Warner, Sweet Stuff, 20, 24–25.

50 Ulbe Bosma, The Sugar Plantation in India and Indonesia: Industrial Production, 1770–2010 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 171.

51 Alice Ross, «Health and Diet in 19th-Century America: A Food Historian’s Point of View,» Historical Archaeology 27, no. 2 (1993): 47.

52 Goldstein, The Oxford Companion, 95–96.

53 Woloson, Refined Tastes, 214.

54 Merleaux, Sugar and Civilization, 106.

55 Ziegler, «Die Weltzuckerproduktion,» 63, 65.

56 Merleaux, Sugar and Civilization, 19.

57 Lustig, Fat Chance, 172.

58 Goldstein, The Oxford Companion, 757.

59 Mark Pendergrast, For God, Country, and Coca-Cola: The Definitive History of the Great American Soft Drink and the Company That Makes It (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1993), 238.

60 Goldstein, The Oxford Companion, 737.

61 Kushner, «Sweetness and Empire,» 135–136, 139.

62 K.Walden, «The Road to Fat City: An Interpretation of the Development of Weight Consciousness in Western Society,» Historical Reflections 12, no. 3 (1985): 332.

63 Merleaux, Sugar and Civilization, 147; Kawash, Candy, 191.

64 Woloson, Refined Tastes, 194.

65 Mildred Maddocks and Harvey Washington Wiley, The Pure Food Cook Book: The Good Housekeeping Recipes, Just How to Buy – Just How to Cook (New York: Hearst’s International Library, 1914), 11, 237.

66 См.: Weston A.Price, Nutrition and Physical Degeneration (Redland, CA: P.B.Hoeber, 1939); Merleaux, Sugar and Civilization, 221–222.

67 Taubes, The Case, 125.

68 Yudkin, Pure, White and Deadly, 127.

69 Sollins, «Sugar in Diet Part I,» 342, 345–346; Irving V.Sollins, «Sugar in Diet Part II: An Experiment in Instruction in Candy Consumption,» Journal of Educational Sociology 3, no. 9: 548.

70 Revenue Revision of 1943: Hearings before the Committee of Ways and Means House of Representatives. Seventy-Eighth Congress. First Session, 1014–1031 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1943).

71 Hollander, «Re-Naturalizing Sugar,» 65.

72 Encourage Sugar Consumption, Sugar (Including Facts about Sugar and the Planter& Sugar Manufacturer), June 25–27, 1947.

73 Marion Nestle, «Food Industry Funding of Nutrition Research: The Relevance of History for Current Debates,» JAMA Internal Medicine 176, no. 11 (2016): 1685–1686.

74 Sanjay Basu et al., «The Relationship of Sugar to Population-Level Diabetes Prevalence: An Econometric Analysis of Repeated Cross-Sectional Data,» PLoS ONE 8, no. 2: e57873 (p. 6). Краткое описание методологических недостатков в проекте Киза, см.: Lustig, Fat Chance, 111.

75 Yudkin, Pure, White and Deadly, 41; Pana Wilder, «No One Profits from Candy in the Schools,» Middle School Journal Middle School Journal 15, no. 4 (1984): 18; Marion Nestle, Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health (Berkeley: University of California, 2002), 197.

76 Nestle, Food Politics, 214.

77 Jonathan C.K.Wells, «Obesity as Malnutrition: The Role of Capitalism in the Obesity Global Epidemic,» American Journal of Human Biology 24, no. 3 (2012): 272.

78 US Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, Short Dietary Goals for the United States (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1977), 4, 5.

79 US Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, Short Dietary Goals, 4. Я согласен с Джонсом и Оппенгеймером в том, что сахарные промышленники, возможно, не изменили взгляды Хегстеда на жир и сахар, но нарушение этики со стороны последнего непростительно. См.: David Merritt Johns and Gerald M.Oppenheimer, «Was There Ever Really a ‘Sugar Conspiracy’? Twists and Turns in Science and Policy Are Not Necessarily Products of Malevolence,» Science 359, no. 6377 (2018): 747–750.

80 Lustig, Fat Chance, 169.

81 Nestle, Food Politics, 59, 66.

82 Yudkin, Pure, White and Deadly, 66.

83 WHO, Diet, Nutrition, and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases: Report of a WHO Study Group (Geneva: WHO, 1990), 94.

84 Sarah Boseley and Jean McMahon, «Political Context of the World Health Organization: Sugar Industry Threatens to Scupper the WHO,» International Journal of Health Services 33, no. 4 (2003): 831–833; Joint WHO/ FAO Expert Consultation on Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases: Report of a Joint WHO/ FAO Expert Consultation (Geneva: WHO, 2003), 56–58, 66.

85 Geoffrey Cannon, «Why the Bush Administration and the Global Sugar Industry Are Determined to Demolish the 2004 WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health,» Public Health