class="p1">coop – cooped

stoop – stooped

steep – steeped

step – stepped

ship – shipped

kick – kicked

hawk – hawked

walk – walked

milk – milked

wink – winked

back – backed

bank – banked

bang – banged

hush – hushed

thank – thanked

flash – flashed

match – matched

patch – patched

fetch – fetched

pitch – pitched

dash – dashed

mash – mashed

stress – stressed

trace – traced

kiss – kissed

face – faced

miss – missed

space – spaced

verse – versed

purse – pursed

link – linked

mark – marked

fork – forked

park – parked

Ex. 1.1. Прочтите ed-слова с конечным звуком [t].

patched – launched

washed – watched

laughed – mouthed

cooked – sloped

switched – forced

searched – earthed

jerked – twerked

worked – perked

kissed – danced

fixed – mixed

faxed – maxed

lanced – chanced

beeped – reached

misplaced – disliked

stretched – munched

confessed – attached

forced – reversed

reworked – walked

flashed – hashed

punched – dispatched

relocked – overlooked

sparked – unpacked

yoked – looked

matched – unmatched

sentenced – noticed

ed после звонких согласных, гласных, диграфов

ED читается [d] после:

звонких согласных звуков

[b], [l], [n]

[ŋ], [m], [g]

[v], [z], [ð]

[ʒ], [dʒ], [r]

гласных звуков

[ʌ], [ə], [ɪ], [i:]

[ʊ], [u:], [ɔ:]

дифтонгов

[aɪ], [eɪ], [oʊ]

[oɪ], [oʊ], [aʊ]

В буквенном выражении это:

l, r, ng, mb, mn,

g, v, s, z, zz, th,

i, y, a, o, u

oi, oy, ow, ou, oe, oa

ai, ay, ei, ey, eigh

ee, ea, ie, ye

ew, eu, ue, ui

au, aw, ough

Проще говоря, это все звуки, которые задействуют вибрацию связок, кроме [d].

Если слово заканчивается двумя согласными, то окончание -ed прибавляется без изменений в написании:

call –> called [kɔ:ld]

turn –> turned [tə:rnd]

hang –> hanged [hæŋd]

thumb –> thumbed [θʌmd]

Если слово заканчивается одной согласной, и это закрытый слог, то ее нужно удвоить, чтобы сохранить закрытость слога:

hug –> hugged –> [hʌɡd]

pin –> pinned –> [pɪnd]

job –> jobbed –> [dʒɒbd]

thrum –> thrummed –> [θrʌmd]

star –> starred –> [sta:rd]

blur –> blurred –> [blə:rd]

К окончаниям

–se, -ze, -ve,

–be, -ne, -me,

–le, -ge, -re,

–the [ð]

достаточно добавить только d:

pause –> paused –> [pɔ:zd]

close –> closed [cloʊzd]

sneeze –> sneezed –> [sni:zd]

sleeve –> sleeved –> [sli:vd]

bribe –> bribed –> [braɪbd]

define –> defined [də'faɪnd]

name –> named –> [neɪmd]

smile –> smiled –> [smaɪld]

rage –> raged –> [reɪdʒd]

cure –> cured –> [cju:rd]

pare –> pared –> [peərd]

store –> stored –> [stɔ:rd]

breathe –> breathed –> [bri:ðd]

Если слово двусложное, то удвоение происходит, когда ударение падает на второй слог:

compel –> compelled –> [kəmˈpeld]

retag –> retagged –> [rɪ'tæɡd]

prefer –> preferred –> [prɪ'fə:rd]

При ударении на первый слог в двусложном слове, удвоения не происходит:

total –> totaled –> ['toʊtəld]

labor –> labored –> [ˈleɪbərd]

vector –> vectored –> ['vektərd]

enter –> entered –> ['entərd]

open –> opened –> ['oʊpənd]

happen –> happened –> [ˈhæpənd]

weaken –> weakened –> [ˈwi:kənd]

Однако! В британском английском часто удваивается буква l в словах типа total, signal, travel.

После диграфа гласная не удваивается, диграф

чтения не меняет:

deploy –> deployed –> [də'ploɪd]

free –> freed –> [fri:d]

replay –> replayed –> [rɪ'pleɪd]

Если после диграфа идет одна согласная, ее

не нужно удваивать, диграф чтения не меняет:

pawn –> pawned –> [pɔ:nd]

lawn –> lawned –> [lɔ:nd]

dream –> dreamed –> [dʒri:md]

loom –> loomed –> [lu:md]

air –> aired –> [eɪrd]

К диграфам, оканчивающимся на -e, достаточно прибавить d:

rescue –> rescued –> ['reskju:d]

tie –> tied –> [taɪd]

sue –> sued –> [su:d]

В словах, оканчивающихся на -o, окончание ED прибавляется без изменения в написании:

solo –> soloed –> [ˈsoʊloʊd]

veto –> vetoed –> ['vi:toʊd]

echo – > echoed –> [ˈekoʊd]

Слово, оканчивающееся на -y после согласной или согласных, в ed-форме меняет y на i:

try –> tried –> [tʃraɪd]

copy –> copied –> [ˈkɒpɪd]

carry –> carried –> [ˈkærɪd]

marry –> married –> [ˈmærɪd]

comply –> complied –> [kəmˈplaɪd]

Ex. 2. Прочтите слова с окончанием -ed как [d].

jab – jabbed

brag – bragged

lag – lagged

grab – grabbed

swab – swabbed

mob – mobbed

peg – pegged

spell – spelled

wave – waved

game – tamed

scale – railed

disclose – disclosed

job – jobbed

log – logged

ban – banned

pan – panned

mine – mined

pine – piled

blame – blamed

smile – smiled

repel – repelled

excel – excelled

compel – compelled

propel – propelled

derive – derived

incline – inclined

impose – disposed

file – filed

hug – hugged

jug – jugged

mug – mugged

shrug – shrugged

use – used

fuse – fused

pose – posed

prize – prized

twig – twigged

trim – trimmed

jib – jibbed

fig – figged

bang – banged

hang – hanged

ping – pinged

wing – winged

turn – turned

serve – served

form – formed

confirm – confirmed

reverse – reversed

deserve – deserved

season – seasoned [i:]

reckon – reckoned

play – played

stay – stayed

stray – strayed

enjoy – enjoyed

snow – showed

sway – swayed

sigh – sighed –> [saɪd]

dye – dyed

paw – pawed

roar – roared

store – stored

bore – bored

rue – rued

cool – cooled

loom – loomed

secure – secured

cheer – cheered

peer – peered

dare – dared

stare – stared

reply – replied

aired – repaired

comply – complied

pre'pare – prepared

copy – copied

worry – worried

motor – motored

order – ordered

concealed – en'sued

rescued – outlawed

feared – fired