2. Stanley Wolpert, A New History of India, 8th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 185; J. H. Little, «The Black Hole — the Question of Holwell’s Veracity», in Bengal, Past and Present: Journal of the Calcutta Historical Society 12 (1916), part 1, serial 23: 32–42, 136–71; and «Only One Topic in Paris», New York Times, May 29, 1887, accessed September 15, 2015, http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9C04E0DB1730E633A257 5AC2A9639C94669FD7CF.

3. Edgar A. Poe, «The Premature Burial», Philadelphia Dollar Newspaper, July 31, 1844, available at www.eapoe.org/works/info/pt048.htm#text02

4. Бартусяк в деталях исследовал этот вопрос в: Black Hole: How an Idea Abandoned by Newtonians, Hated by Einstein, and Gambled On by HawkingBecame Loved (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015), глава 7.

5. Michael Sanderson, Education, Economic Change and Society in England 1780–1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 40.

6. «Case Study: John Michell and Black Holes», excerpt from Cosmic Horizons: Astronomy at the Cutting Edge, ed. Steven Soter and Neil deGrasse Tyson (New York: New Press, 2000), на сайте Американского музея национальной истории: www.amnh.org/education/resources/rfl/ web/essaybooks/cosmic/cs_michell.html

7. John Michell, «On the Means of Discovering the Distance, Magnitude, andc. of the Fixed Stars, in Consequence of the Diminution of the Velocity of Their Light, in Case Such a Diminution Should Be Found to Take Place in Any of Them, and Such Other Data Should Be Procured from Observations, as Would Be Farther Necessary for That Purpose. By the Rev. John Michell, B. D. F. R. S. In a Letter to Henry Cavendish, Esq. F. R. S. and A. S»., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 74 (1784): 35–57; and Charles Coulston Gillispie, Pierre-Simon Laplace, 1749–1827: A Life in Exact Science, with the collaboration of Robert Fox and Ivor Grattan-Guinness (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), 175.

8. A. Einstein, «Ist die Tragheit eines Korpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhangig?» [Does the inertia of a body depend on its energy content?], Annalen der Physik, 4th ser., vol. 18 (1905): 639–41; and Einstein, «Erklarung der Perihelbewegung des Merkur aus der allgemeinen Relativitatstheorie» [Explanation of the perihelion motion of Mercury from the general theory of relativity], Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 2 (November 18, 1915): 831–39.

9. Mitchell Begelman and Martin Rees, Gravity’s Fatal Attraction: Black Holes in the Universe, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), это полное введение в теорию черных дыр с большим количеством иллюстраций и диаграмм.

10. Einstein, «Tragheit eines Korpers».

11. Michael White and John Gribbin, Einstein: A Life in Science (London: Simon and Schuster, 1993), 115–16; and Frank Watson Dyson, Arthur Stanley Eddington, and Charles Davidson, «A Determination of the Deflection of Light by the Sun’s Gravitational Field, from Observations Made at the Total Eclipse of 29 May 1919», Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 220A (1920): 291–333.

12. A. Einstein, Relativity: The Special and General Theory, translated by Robert W. Lawson, introduction by Roger Penrose (New York: Pi, 2005); and Mario Livio, Brilliant Blunders: From Darwin to Einstein — Colossal Mistakes by Great Scientists That Changed Our Understanding of Life and the Universe (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2013), 269. I discuss more generally the provisional nature of science, for instance how new theories displace older ones, in my review essay «What Scientists Really Do», New York Review of Books, October 23, 2014, www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/ 2014/oct/23/what-scientists-really-do/

13. Karl Schwarzschild, «Uber das Gravitationsfeld eines Massenpunktes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie», Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 7 (1916): 189–96, translated by Salvatore Antoci and Angelo Loinger as «On the Gravitational Field of a Mass Point According to Einstein’s Theory», submitted May 12, 1999, http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/9905030; and Roy P. Kerr, «Gravitational Field of a Spinning Mass as an Example of Algebraically Special Metrics», Physical Review Letters 11, no. 5 (1963): 237.

14. The conflict between Chandra and Eddington is described in Kameshwar C. Wali, Chandra: A Biography of S. Chandrasekhar (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 123–46. Arthur I. Miller’s Empire of the Stars: Obsession, Friendship, and Betrayal in the Quest for Black Holes (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2005) is entirely about the controversy surrounding black holes.

15. Miller, Empire of the Stars, 3–15, 96–119, 135.

16. Ibid., 125–50.

17. Max Planck, Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers, translated by F. Gaynor (New York: Philosophical Library, 1949), 33–34.

18. 1 нанометр — 1 миллиардная часть метра, или 10–9 м.

19. «Riccardo Giacconi — Facts», fact sheet for the Nobel Prize in Physics 2002, www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/ laureates/2002/giacconi-facts.html

4. Невидимая решетка

1. Richard Panek, The 4 % Universe: Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Race to Discover the Rest of Reality (New York: Mariner Books, 2011), chapters 1–6.

2. For Fraunhofer’s biography see T. Hockey, ed., The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (Heidelberg: Springer, 2009), 388.

3. American Institute of Physics, «Spectroscopy and the Birth of Astrophysics», Center for History of Physics, www.aip.org/history/cosmology/ tools/tools-spectroscopy.htm

4. F. Zwicky, «Die Rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen Nebeln» [The redshift of extragalactic nebulae], translated by Friedemann Brauer, Helvetica Physica Acta 6 (1933): 110–27. For these translations, I have relied on Sidney van den Bergh, «The Early History of Dark Matter», Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 111, no. 760 (June 1999): 657.

5. Sinclair Smith, «The Mass of the Virgo Cluster», Astrophysical Journal 83 (1936): 23–31.